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  • MARSH LOUSEWORT Pedicularis palustris (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 60cm. Upright, hairless perennial with a single branching stem. Semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grows on marshes and bogs, not exclusively favouring acid soils, hence its occurrence in some fens. FLOWERS are 20-25mm long, the corolla pinkish purple and 2-lipped, the upper lip with 4 teeth; borne in open, leafy spikes (May-Sep). FRUITS are inflated capsules. LEAVES are feathery and deeply divided into toothed lobes. STATUS-Widespread and locally common, least so in E England.
    129925.jpg
  • YELLOW-RATTLE Rhinanthus minor (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 45cm. Variable, upright and almost hairless annual that is semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. The stems are stiff, 4-angled and often marked with dark spots and streaks. Grows in undisturbed meadows and stabilised dunes. FLOWERS are 10-20mm long, the corolla yellow, 2-lipped and somewhat tubular and straight, the 2 teeth on the upper lip are 1mm long; borne in spikes with triangular, toothed and leaf-like green bracts (May-Sep). FRUITS are inflated capsules inside which the ripe seeds do indeed rattle. LEAVES are oblong with rounded teeth. STATUS-Widespread and common.
    130992.jpg
  • EYEBRIGHT Euphrasia officinalis agg. (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 25cm. Branched or unbranched annual, semi-parasitic on roots of other plants and sometimes tinged reddish. The plant’s appearance is extremely variable and 30 or so species are recognised. However, an expert eye and considerable experience is needed to discern the differences. Given the limited space available in this book, here all Eyebrights are considered as a single aggregate species. Grows in undisturbed grassy places. FLOWERS are 5-10mm long (depending on the ‘species’ involved), the corolla 2-lipped (the lower lip 3-lobed) and whitish (sometimes tinged pink) with purple veins and a yellow throat; borne in leafy spikes (May-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are oval but sharply toothed, sometimes tinged bronze. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
    144488.jpg
  • COMMON COW-WHEAT - Melampyrum pratense (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 35cm. Variable but typically straggly annual that is semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grows on heaths and along woodland rides, and found mainly on acid soils. FLOWERS are 10-18mm long, the corolla pale yellow and flattened laterally, 2-lipped but with the mouth almost closed; in pairs, arising from axils of toothed, leaf-like bracts, these borne in spikes (May-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are narrow, shiny and in opposite pairs. STATUS-Widespread and locally common throughout.
    131213.jpg
  • YELLOW-RATTLE Rhinanthus minor (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 45cm. Variable, upright and almost hairless annual that is semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. The stems are stiff, 4-angled and often marked with dark spots and streaks. Grows in undisturbed meadows and stabilised dunes. FLOWERS are 10-20mm long, the corolla yellow, 2-lipped and somewhat tubular and straight, the 2 teeth on the upper lip are 1mm long; borne in spikes with triangular, toothed and leaf-like green bracts (May-Sep). FRUITS are inflated capsules inside which the ripe seeds do indeed rattle. LEAVES are oblong with rounded teeth. STATUS-Widespread and common.
    143564.jpg
  • GREATER YELLOW-RATTLE Rhinanthus angustifolius (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 60cm. Upright, semi-parasitic annual. Similar to Yellow-rattle but branched, and with subtle differences in flower structure. Grows in undisturbed grassland. FLOWERS are 15-20mm long, the corolla yellow, 2-lipped with a concave dorsal surface; the 2 teeth on the upper lip are 2mm long; in spikes with triangular, toothed and yellowish green bracts (May-Sep). FRUITS are inflated capsules. LEAVES are oblong with rounded teeth. STATUS-Rare, restricted to a few scattered locations from S England to Scotland.
    143577.jpg
  • Eyebright - Euphrasia officinalis Height to 25cm. Branched or unbranched annual, semi-parasitic on roots of other plants and sometimes tinged reddish. The plant’s appearance is extremely variable and 30 or so species are recognised. However, an expert eye and considerable experience is needed to discern the differences. Given the limited space available in this book, here all Eyebrights are considered as a single aggregate species. Grows in undisturbed grassy places. FLOWERS are 5-10mm long (depending on the ‘species’ involved), the corolla 2-lipped (the lower lip 3-lobed) and whitish (sometimes tinged pink) with purple veins and a yellow throat; borne in leafy spikes (May-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are oval but sharply toothed, sometimes tinged bronze. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
    157364.jpg
  • LOUSEWORT Pedicularis sylvatica (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 20cm. Spreading and hairless perennial with numerous branching stems. Semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grows on damp heaths and moors, and in bogs, usually on acid soils. FLOWERS are 20-25mm long, the corolla pale pink and 2-lipped, the upper lip with 2 teeth; borne in few-flowered leafy spikes (Apr-Jul). FRUITS are inflated capsules. LEAVES are feathery and divided into toothed leaflets. STATUS-Widespread and locally common throughout the region in suitable habitats.
    133650.jpg
  • RED BARTSIA Odontites vernus (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 40cm. Straggly, branched and downy annual with stems often tinged reddish. Semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grows on disturbed ground, tracks and verges, and in arable field margins. FLOWERS are 8-10mm long, the corolla pinkish purple and 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-lobed; borne in 1-sided, elongated and slightly curved spikes (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are narrow, toothed, unstalked and borne in opposite pairs. STATUS-Widespread and common throughout the region.
    131817.jpg
  • ALPINE BARTSIA Bartsia alpina (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 25cm. Upright, downy and unbranched perennial; semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grows in damp grassland on upland, limestone soils. FLOWERS are 15-20mm long, the corolla purple and 2-lipped (upper longer than lower); in spikes (Jul-Aug). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are oval, unstalked and untoothed, the upper ones tinged purple. STATUS-Rare, restricted to a few sites in N England and the Scottish Highlands.
    131759.jpg
  • YELLOW BARTSIA Parentucellia viscosa (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 40cm. Stickily-hairy, unbranched annual that is semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grow in damp, grassy places, mostly near the sea and often in dune slacks<br />
FLOWERS are 15-35mm long, the corolla bright yellow and 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-lobed; in leafy spikes (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are lanceolate and unstalked. STATUS-Very locally common near coasts of S and SW England and W Ireland.
    131153.jpg
  • COMMON COW-WHEAT Melampyrum arvense (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 35cm. Variable but typically straggly annual that is semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grows on heaths and along woodland rides, and found mainly on acid soils. FLOWERS are 10-18mm long, the corolla pale yellow and flattened laterally, 2-lipped but with the mouth almost closed; in pairs, arising from axils of toothed, leaf-like bracts, these borne in spikes (May-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are narrow, shiny and in opposite pairs. STATUS-Widespread and locally common throughout.
    131224.jpg
  • EYEBRIGHT Euphrasia officinalis agg. (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 25cm. Branched or unbranched annual, semi-parasitic on roots of other plants and sometimes tinged reddish. The plant’s appearance is extremely variable and 30 or so species are recognised. However, an expert eye and considerable experience is needed to discern the differences. Given the limited space available in this book, here all Eyebrights are considered as a single aggregate species. Grows in undisturbed grassy places. FLOWERS are 5-10mm long (depending on the ‘species’ involved), the corolla 2-lipped (the lower lip 3-lobed) and whitish (sometimes tinged pink) with purple veins and a yellow throat; borne in leafy spikes (May-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are oval but sharply toothed, sometimes tinged bronze. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
    131831.jpg
  • CRESTED COW-WHEAT Melampyrum cristatum (Scrophulariaceae)  Height less than 50cm<br />
Upright, downy annual that is semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grows on verges and along grassy, woodland rides. FLOWERS are 12-16mm long, the corolla yellow and purple, and 2-lipped; borne in 4-sided spikes with triangular, toothed bracts tinged purple at the base (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are lanceolate, unstalked and in opposite pairs.
    112937.jpg
  • GREATER YELLOW-RATTLE Rhinanthus angustifolius (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 60cm. Upright, semi-parasitic annual. Similar to Yellow-rattle but branched, and with subtle differences in flower structure. Grows in undisturbed grassland. FLOWERS are 15-20mm long, the corolla yellow, 2-lipped with a concave dorsal surface; the 2 teeth on the upper lip are 2mm long; in spikes with triangular, toothed and yellowish green bracts (May-Sep). FRUITS are inflated capsules. LEAVES are oblong with rounded teeth. STATUS-Rare, restricted to a few scattered locations from S England to Scotland.
    136442.jpg
  • LOUSEWORT Pedicularis sylvatica (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 20cm. Spreading and hairless perennial with numerous branching stems. Semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grows on damp heaths and moors, and in bogs, usually on acid soils. FLOWERS are 20-25mm long, the corolla pale pink and 2-lipped, the upper lip with 2 teeth; borne in few-flowered leafy spikes (Apr-Jul). FRUITS are inflated capsules. LEAVES are feathery and divided into toothed leaflets. STATUS-Widespread and locally common throughout the region in suitable habitats.
    133651.jpg
  • LOUSEWORT Pedicularis sylvatica (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 20cm. Spreading and hairless perennial with numerous branching stems. Semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grows on damp heaths and moors, and in bogs, usually on acid soils. FLOWERS are 20-25mm long, the corolla pale pink and 2-lipped, the upper lip with 2 teeth; borne in few-flowered leafy spikes (Apr-Jul). FRUITS are inflated capsules. LEAVES are feathery and divided into toothed leaflets. STATUS-Widespread and locally common throughout the region in suitable habitats.
    131889.jpg
  • YELLOW BARTSIA Parentucellia viscosa (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 40cm. Stickily-hairy, unbranched annual that is semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grow in damp, grassy places, mostly near the sea and often in dune slacks<br />
FLOWERS are 15-35mm long, the corolla bright yellow and 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-lobed; in leafy spikes (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are lanceolate and unstalked. STATUS-Very locally common near coasts of S and SW England and W Ireland.
    143529.jpg
  • GREATER YELLOW-RATTLE Rhinanthus angustifolius (Scrophulariaceae)  Height to 60cm. Upright, semi-parasitic annual. Similar to Yellow-rattle but branched, and with subtle differences in flower structure. Grows in undisturbed grassland. FLOWERS are 15-20mm long, the corolla yellow, 2-lipped with a concave dorsal surface; the 2 teeth on the upper lip are 2mm long; in spikes with triangular, toothed and yellowish green bracts (May-Sep). FRUITS are inflated capsules. LEAVES are oblong with rounded teeth. STATUS-Rare, restricted to a few scattered locations from S England to Scotland.
    117065.jpg
  • Red Bartsia - Odontites vernus
    162293.jpg
  • Pedicularis lapponica - Varanger, Norway
    162781.jpg
  • Yellow-rattle - Rhinanthus minor
    163119.jpg
  • Alpine Bartsia - Bartsia alpina
    162785.jpg
  • Pedicularis sceptrum-carolinum - Varanger, Norway
    162754.jpg
  • Pedicularis lapponica - Varanger, Norway
    162782.jpg
  • Common Cow-wheat - Melampyrum pratense
    159283.jpg
  • Yellow-rattle - Rhinanthus minor
    159308.jpg
  • Common Eyebright - Euphrasia nemorosa
    159383.jpg
  • Common Cow-wheat - Melampyrum pratense
    159369.jpg
  • SMALL COW-WHEAT Melampyrum sylvaticum (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 25cm. Variable, straggly annual; semi-parasitic on roots of other plants. Grows in upland birch or pine woodlands. FLOWERS are 8-10mm long, the corolla deep yellow and 2-lipped, the mouth opening widely and the lower lip curved down; borne in pairs arising from the axils of leaf-like bracts that are barely toothed (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are narrow-oval. STATUS-Very local in Scotland and N Ireland.
    118353.jpg
  • EYEBRIGHT Euphrasia officinalis agg. (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 25cm. Branched or unbranched annual, semi-parasitic on roots of other plants and sometimes tinged reddish. The plant’s appearance is extremely variable and 30 or so species are recognised. However, an expert eye and considerable experience is needed to discern the differences. Given the limited space available in this book, here all Eyebrights are considered as a single aggregate species. Grows in undisturbed grassy places. FLOWERS are 5-10mm long (depending on the ‘species’ involved), the corolla 2-lipped (the lower lip 3-lobed) and whitish (sometimes tinged pink) with purple veins and a yellow throat; borne in leafy spikes (May-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are oval but sharply toothed, sometimes tinged bronze. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
    143275.jpg
  • CRESTED COW-WHEAT Melampyrum cristatum Height to 50cm<br />
Upright, downy annual that is semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grows on verges and along grassy, woodland rides. FLOWERS are 12-16mm long, the corolla yellow and purple, and 2-lipped; borne in 4-sided spikes with triangular, toothed bracts tinged purple at the base (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are lanceolate, unstalked and in opposite pairs. STATUS-Rare and local, confined to E England.
    145061.jpg
  • CRESTED COW-WHEAT Melampyrum cristatum Height to 50cm<br />
Upright, downy annual that is semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grows on verges and along grassy, woodland rides. FLOWERS are 12-16mm long, the corolla yellow and purple, and 2-lipped; borne in 4-sided spikes with triangular, toothed bracts tinged purple at the base (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are lanceolate, unstalked and in opposite pairs. STATUS-Rare and local, confined to E England.
    145060.jpg