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  • COMMON DODDER Cuscuta epithymum (Cuscutaceae) Climbing. Bizarre, parasitic and leafless plant that lacks chlorophyll and gains its nutrition from host plants, which include Heather, clovers and other herbaceous plants. Found in grassy places and on heaths, the slender, red stems twining through the vegetation. FLOWERS are 3-4mm across, pink and borne in dense clusters (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are absent. STATUS-Locally common in S; scarce elsewhere.
    141451.jpg
  • COMMON DODDER Cuscuta epithymum (Cuscutaceae) Climbing. Bizarre, parasitic and leafless plant that lacks chlorophyll and gains its nutrition from host plants, which include Heather, clovers and other herbaceous plants. Found in grassy places and on heaths, the slender, red stems twining through the vegetation. FLOWERS are 3-4mm across, pink and borne in dense clusters (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are absent. STATUS-Locally common in S; scarce elsewhere.
    141450.jpg
  • COMMON DODDER Cuscuta epithymum (Cuscutaceae) * Climbing. Bizarre, parasitic and leafless plant that lacks chlorophyll and gains its nutrition from host plants, which include Heather, clovers and other herbaceous plants. Found in grassy places and on heaths, the slender, red stems twining through the vegetation. FLOWERS are 3-4mm across, pink and borne in dense clusters (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are absent. STATUS-Locally common in S; scarce elsewhere.
    131376.jpg
  • SEA-BUCKTHORN Hippophae rhamnoides (Elaeagnaceae) Height to 10m. Branched, dense and thorny shrub. Native to stabilised coastal sand dunes but also widely planted. FLOWERS are tiny and greenish, male and female flowers on separate plants (Mar-Apr). FRUITS are bright orange berries (on female plants only). LEAVES are narrow and greyish green. STATUS-Native to E coast but planted elsewhere.
    133924.jpg
  • SEA BUCKTHORN (Hippophae rhamnodes) Height to 10m. Branched, dense, thorny shrub. Native to stabilised coastal sand dunes but also widely planted. Flowers are tiny, greenish; male and female flowers on separate plants (Mar-Apr). Bright orange berries (on female plants only). Leaves narrow, greyish green. Native to E coast but planted elsewhere.
    116051.jpg
  • Hedge Bindweed - Calystegia sepium. Climbing,  to 2-3m. Vigorous, hairless perennial that twines around other plants to assist its progress. Found in hedgerows, woodland margins and on disturbed ground, often swamping the plants on, and through which, it grows by late summer. FLOWERS are 3-4cm across, white and funnel-shaped (Jun-Sep); the 2 epicalyx bracts, which surround the sepals, do not overlap one another. FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are arrow-shaped and up to 12cm long. STATUS-Widespread and common in the S but scarce in the N.
    157343.jpg
  • HEDGE BINDWEED Calystegia sepium (Convolvulaceae) Climbing,  to 2-3m. Vigorous, hairless perennial that twines around other plants to assist its progress. Found in hedgerows, woodland margins and on disturbed ground, often swamping the plants on, and through which, it grows by late summer. FLOWERS are 3-4cm across, white and funnel-shaped (Jun-Sep); the 2 epicalyx bracts, which surround the sepals, do not overlap one another. FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are arrow-shaped and up to 12cm long. STATUS-Widespread and common in the S but scarce in the N.
    131944.jpg
  • JUNIPER Juniperus communis (Cupressaceae) Height to 5m (sometimes prostrate). Dense shrub of well-drained soils, from chalk downland to mountains. FLOWERS appear on separate sex plants; those on female plants are green and oval (much of year). FRUITS ripen in 2nd year to form blue-black berry-like cones. LEAVES are stiff, bluish green, needle-like and arranged in whorls of 3. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
    134434.jpg
  • JUNIPER Juniperus communis (Cupressaceae) Height to 5m (sometimes prostrate). Dense shrub of well-drained soils, from chalk downland to mountains. FLOWERS appear on separate sex plants; those on female plants are green and oval (much of year). FRUITS ripen in 2nd year to form blue-black berry-like cones. LEAVES are stiff, bluish green, needle-like and arranged in whorls of 3. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
    134429.jpg
  • JUNIPER Juniperus communis (Cupressaceae) Height to 5m (sometimes prostrate). Dense shrub of well-drained soils, from chalk downland to mountains. FLOWERS appear on separate sex plants; those on female plants are green and oval (much of year). FRUITS ripen in 2nd year to form blue-black berry-like cones. LEAVES are stiff, bluish green, needle-like and arranged in whorls of 3. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
    134433.jpg
  • Wire Plant MUEHLENBECKIA COMPLEXA Height to 3m<br />
Straggly, spreading plant with reddish, wiry stems. Often smothers other plants. Flowers are small and whitish. Fruits are white berries. Leaves are small and oval. Status-Native of New Zealand, introduced and grown in gardens. Naturalised on Isles of Scilly.
    143240.jpg
  • Wire Plant MUEHLENBECKIA COMPLEXA Height to 3m<br />
Straggly, spreading plant with reddish, wiry stems. Often smothers other plants. Flowers are small and whitish. Fruits are white berries. Leaves are small and oval. Status-Native of New Zealand, introduced and grown in gardens. Naturalised on Isles of Scilly.
    143241.jpg
  • Wire Plant MUEHLENBECKIA COMPLEXA Height to 3m<br />
Straggly, spreading plant with reddish, wiry stems. Often smothers other plants. Flowers are small and whitish. Fruits are white berries. Leaves are small and oval. Status-Native of New Zealand, introduced and grown in gardens. Naturalised on Isles of Scilly.
    144700.jpg
  • THYME BROOMRAPE Orobanche alba (Orobanchaceae) Height to 25cm. Attractive, upright and rather stout plant that is tinged reddish. Parasitic on the roots of thymes, and related plants. FLOWERS are 15-20mm long and fragrant, the corolla reddish; borne in comparatively short spikes (May-Aug). FRUITS are egg-shaped capsules, concealed by the dead flowers. LEAVES are scale-like. STATUS-Scarce and local, restricted to coastal grassland in SW England, W Scotland and Ireland.
    153663.jpg
  • COMMON BROOMRAPE Orobanche minor (Orobanchaceae) Height to 40cm. Upright, unbranched annual that usually has a purplish-tinged stem. Whole plant lacks chlorophyll and is entirely parasitic on the roots of Pea family members, notably clovers, and other herbaceous plants. Found in grassy places and scrub, and on verges. FLOWERS are 10-18mm long, the corolla pinkish yellow with purple veins, tubular with smoothly curved dorsal surface, and 2-lipped; in open, upright spikes (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are egg-shaped capsules, concealed by the dead flowers. LEAVES are scale-like. STATUS-Locally common in central and S England, Wales and S Ireland.
    131131.jpg
  • COMMON BROOMRAPE Orobanche minor (Orobanchaceae) Height to 40cm. Upright, unbranched annual that usually has a purplish-tinged stem. Whole plant lacks chlorophyll and is entirely parasitic on the roots of Pea family members, notably clovers, and other herbaceous plants. Found in grassy places and scrub, and on verges. FLOWERS are 10-18mm long, the corolla pinkish yellow with purple veins, tubular with smoothly curved dorsal surface, and 2-lipped; in open, upright spikes (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are egg-shaped capsules, concealed by the dead flowers. LEAVES are scale-like. STATUS-Locally common in central and S England, Wales and S Ireland.
    131130.jpg
  • UPLAND ENCHANTER’S-NIGHTSHADE Circaea x intermedia (Onograceae) Height to 45cm. Hairless perennial of shady, upland woods and rocky places. FLOWERS are white and borne in loose spikes (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are club-shaped. LEAVES are 8cm long, oval, heart-shaped at the base and sharply toothed with slightly winged stalks. STATUS-Locally common in upland areas in W and N of region. Note: Often occurs in the absence of one of its parent plants C. alpina, a rare plant that is similar but smaller, with winged leaf stalks and flowers in a tight, terminal cluster.
    130378.jpg
  • THYME BROOMRAPE Orobanche alba (Orobanchaceae) ** Height to 25cm. Attractive, upright and rather stout plant that is tinged reddish. Parasitic on the roots of thymes, and related plants. FLOWERS are 15-20mm long and fragrant, the corolla reddish; borne in comparatively short spikes (May-Aug). FRUITS are egg-shaped capsules, concealed by the dead flowers. LEAVES are scale-like.
    106351.jpg
  • EYEBRIGHT Euphrasia officinalis agg. (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 25cm. Branched or unbranched annual, semi-parasitic on roots of other plants and sometimes tinged reddish. The plant’s appearance is extremely variable and 30 or so species are recognised. However, an expert eye and considerable experience is needed to discern the differences. Given the limited space available in this book, here all Eyebrights are considered as a single aggregate species. Grows in undisturbed grassy places. FLOWERS are 5-10mm long (depending on the ‘species’ involved), the corolla 2-lipped (the lower lip 3-lobed) and whitish (sometimes tinged pink) with purple veins and a yellow throat; borne in leafy spikes (May-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are oval but sharply toothed, sometimes tinged bronze. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
    143275.jpg
  • Eyebright - Euphrasia officinalis Height to 25cm. Branched or unbranched annual, semi-parasitic on roots of other plants and sometimes tinged reddish. The plant’s appearance is extremely variable and 30 or so species are recognised. However, an expert eye and considerable experience is needed to discern the differences. Given the limited space available in this book, here all Eyebrights are considered as a single aggregate species. Grows in undisturbed grassy places. FLOWERS are 5-10mm long (depending on the ‘species’ involved), the corolla 2-lipped (the lower lip 3-lobed) and whitish (sometimes tinged pink) with purple veins and a yellow throat; borne in leafy spikes (May-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are oval but sharply toothed, sometimes tinged bronze. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
    157364.jpg
  • EYEBRIGHT Euphrasia officinalis agg. (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 25cm. Branched or unbranched annual, semi-parasitic on roots of other plants and sometimes tinged reddish. The plant’s appearance is extremely variable and 30 or so species are recognised. However, an expert eye and considerable experience is needed to discern the differences. Given the limited space available in this book, here all Eyebrights are considered as a single aggregate species. Grows in undisturbed grassy places. FLOWERS are 5-10mm long (depending on the ‘species’ involved), the corolla 2-lipped (the lower lip 3-lobed) and whitish (sometimes tinged pink) with purple veins and a yellow throat; borne in leafy spikes (May-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are oval but sharply toothed, sometimes tinged bronze. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
    131831.jpg
  • EYEBRIGHT Euphrasia officinalis agg. (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 25cm. Branched or unbranched annual, semi-parasitic on roots of other plants and sometimes tinged reddish. The plant’s appearance is extremely variable and 30 or so species are recognised. However, an expert eye and considerable experience is needed to discern the differences. Given the limited space available in this book, here all Eyebrights are considered as a single aggregate species. Grows in undisturbed grassy places. FLOWERS are 5-10mm long (depending on the ‘species’ involved), the corolla 2-lipped (the lower lip 3-lobed) and whitish (sometimes tinged pink) with purple veins and a yellow throat; borne in leafy spikes (May-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are oval but sharply toothed, sometimes tinged bronze. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
    144488.jpg
  • Red Campion - Silene dioica. Height to 1m<br />
Hairy biennial or perennial of hedgerows, grassy banks and wayside places generally. FLOWERS are reddish pink and 20-30mm across; male flowers are smaller than females and on separate plants (Mar-Oct). FRUITS reveal 10 reflexed teeth when ripe. LEAVES are hairy and borne in opposite pairs. STATUS-Widespread and common.
    157345.jpg
  • BOG-MYRTLE Myrica gale (Myricaceae) Height to 1m<br />
Woody, brown-stemmed shrub that is characteristic of boggy habitats, usually on acid soils. FLOWERS are orange, ovoid male catkins and pendulous brown female catkins; on separate plants (Apr). FRUITS are brownish nuts. LEAVES are oval, grey-green and smell of resin when crushed. STATUS-Widespread but local; sometimes locally dominant.
    141297.jpg
  • BLACK BRYONY Tamus communis (Dioscoreaceae) Height to 3m. Twining perennial. Similar to White Bryony but note different leaf shape and lack of tendrils. Grows in hedgerows and scrub. FLOWERS are tiny, yellowish green and 6-petalled; separate-sex plants (May-Aug). FRUITS are red berries. LEAVES are heart-shaped, glossy and netted. STATUS-Widespread in England and Wales.
    131323.jpg
  • DOG’S MERCURY Mercurialis perennis (Euphorbiaceae) Height to 35cm. Hairy, creeping perennial with a foetid smell. Found in woodlands (sometimes forms carpets); also in limestone pavements. FLOWERS are yellowish are rather tiny; in open spikes on separate sex plants (Feb-Apr). FRUITS are hairy. LEAVES are oval, shiny and toothed. STATUS-Widespread and generally common but scarce in N Scotland and Ireland.
    130529.jpg
  • MARSH LOUSEWORT Pedicularis palustris (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 60cm. Upright, hairless perennial with a single branching stem. Semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grows on marshes and bogs, not exclusively favouring acid soils, hence its occurrence in some fens. FLOWERS are 20-25mm long, the corolla pinkish purple and 2-lipped, the upper lip with 4 teeth; borne in open, leafy spikes (May-Sep). FRUITS are inflated capsules. LEAVES are feathery and deeply divided into toothed lobes. STATUS-Widespread and locally common, least so in E England.
    129925.jpg
  • BLACK BRYONY Tamus communis (Dioscoreaceae) Height to 3m. Twining perennial. Similar to White Bryony but note different leaf shape and lack of tendrils. Grows in hedgerows and scrub. FLOWERS are tiny, yellowish green and 6-petalled; separate-sex plants (May-Aug). FRUITS are red berries. LEAVES are heart-shaped, glossy and netted. STATUS-Widespread in England and Wales.
    129866.jpg
  • MARSH VALERIAN Valeriana dioica (Valerianaceae)  Height to 30cm. Slender perennial with creeping runners and upright flowering stems. Grows in damp grassland and fens. FLOWERS are pale pink and produced on separate-sex plants: males are 5mm across and borne in terminal heads 4cm across; females are 2mm across and borne in heads 1-2cm across (May-Jun). FRUITS are oblong with a feathery pappus. LEAVES are ovate and opposite; basal ones long-stalked. STATUS-Locally common.
    127852.jpg
  • NEW ZEALAND PIGMYWEED Crassula helmsii (Crassulaceae) Prostrate on land. Unwelcome, creeping perennial that colonises ponds and their margins, eventually excluding all native species. FLOWERS are tiny with 5 white or pink petals (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are dry and splitting. LEAVES are narrow, fleshy and 5-10mm long. STATUS-Introduced, spreading and a major threat to native aquatic plants.
    125295.jpg
  • BLACK BRYONY Tamus communis (Dioscoreaceae) Height to 3m. Twining perennial. Similar to White Bryony but note different leaf shape and lack of tendrils. Grows in hedgerows and scrub. FLOWERS are tiny, yellowish green and 6-petalled; separate-sex plants (May-Aug). FRUITS are red berries. LEAVES are heart-shaped, glossy and netted. STATUS-Widespread in England and Wales.
    125245.jpg
  • ASPARAGUS Asparagus officinalis (Liliaceae)  eight less than 1.5m. Branched, hairless perennial that is either upright or prostrate. Young shoots are the familiar vegetable. Grows in free-draining grassy places. FLOWERS are 4-6mm long, greenish and bell-shaped; borne in leaf axils, with separate sex plants (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are red berries. LEAVES are reduced to tiny bracts; what appear to be leaves are in fact slender, branched stems.
    107921.jpg
  • Climbing perennial whose progress is aided by long, unbranched tendrils. Found in hedges and woodland margins. FLOWERS are greenish, 5-parted and borne on separate-sex plants; arise from leaf axils (May-Aug). FRUITS are red, shiny berries. LEAVES are 4-7cm across and divided into 5 lobes.
    101438.jpg
  • CRESTED COW-WHEAT Melampyrum cristatum Height to 50cm<br />
Upright, downy annual that is semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grows on verges and along grassy, woodland rides. FLOWERS are 12-16mm long, the corolla yellow and purple, and 2-lipped; borne in 4-sided spikes with triangular, toothed bracts tinged purple at the base (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are lanceolate, unstalked and in opposite pairs. STATUS-Rare and local, confined to E England.
    145060.jpg
  • Field Bindweed - Convolvulus arvensis. Creeping or climbing Height to 3m. Familiar perennial that grows in disturbed ground and arable land; a persistent weed in the garden. Twines around other plants to assist its progress. FLOWERS are 15-30mm across, funnel-shaped and either white or pink with broad, white stripes (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are arrow-shaped, 2-5cm long and long-stalked. STATUS-Widespread and common throughout the region, except in N Scotland.
    157356.jpg
  • DOG’S MERCURY Mercurialis perennis (Euphorbiaceae) Height to 35cm. Hairy, creeping perennial with a foetid smell. Found in woodlands (sometimes forms carpets); also in limestone pavements. FLOWERS are yellowish are rather tiny; in open spikes on separate sex plants (Feb-Apr). FRUITS are hairy. LEAVES are oval, shiny and toothed. STATUS-Widespread and generally common but scarce in N Scotland and Ireland.
    156830.jpg
  • DOG’S MERCURY Mercurialis perennis (Euphorbiaceae) Height to 35cm. Hairy, creeping perennial with a foetid smell. Found in woodlands (sometimes forms carpets); also in limestone pavements. FLOWERS are yellowish are rather tiny; in open spikes on separate sex plants (Feb-Apr). FRUITS are hairy. LEAVES are oval, shiny and toothed. STATUS-Widespread and generally common but scarce in N Scotland and Ireland.
    156831.jpg
  • BLACK-BINDWEED Fallopia convolvulus (Polygonaceae) Height to 1m. Extremely common, clockwise-twining annual that both trails on the ground and climbs among wayside plants. FLOWERS are greenish and rather dock-like; they are borne in loose spikes that arise from leaf axils (Jul-Oct). FRUITS are nut-like and blackish. LEAVES are arrow-shaped and borne on angular stems. STATUS-Widespread and common.
    153651.jpg
  • BUTTERBUR Petasites hybridus (Asteraceae) Height to 50cm<br />
Impressive, patch-forming perennial with creeping rhizomes. Grows in damp ground, often beside rivers and ditches. FLOWERS are borne in pinkish red heads with separate sex plants (male flower heads are 7-12mm across, females flower heads are 3-6mm across); carried on impressive and robust spikes, up to 40cm tall, (Mar-May), going over as the leaves appear. FRUITS are achenes. LEAVES are heart-shaped, up to 1m across, and most evident in summer. STATUS-Locally common throughout the region.
    153659.jpg
  • WHITE BRYONY Bryonia dioica (Cucurbitaceae) H to 4m<br />
Climbing perennial whose progress is aided by long, unbranched tendrils. Found in hedges and woodland margins. FLOWERS are greenish, 5-parted and borne on separate-sex plants; arise from leaf axils (May-Aug). FRUITS are red, shiny berries. LEAVES are 4-7cm across and divided into 5 lobes. STATUS-Common in England; scarce elsewhere.
    129869.jpg
  • BLACK BINDWEED Fallopia convolvulus (Polygonaceae) Height to 1m. Extremely common, clockwise-twining annual that both trails on the ground and climbs among wayside plants. FLOWERS are greenish and rather dock-like; they are borne in loose spikes that arise from leaf axils (Jul-Oct). FRUITS are nut-like and blackish. LEAVES are arrow-shaped and borne on angular stems. STATUS-Widespread and common.
    140216.jpg
  • BLACK BINDWEED Fallopia convolvulus (Polygonaceae) Height to 1m. Extremely common, clockwise-twining annual that both trails on the ground and climbs among wayside plants. FLOWERS are greenish and rather dock-like; they are borne in loose spikes that arise from leaf axils (Jul-Oct). FRUITS are nut-like and blackish. LEAVES are arrow-shaped and borne on angular stems. STATUS-Widespread and common.
    140215.jpg
  • BLACK BINDWEED Fallopia convolvulus (Polygonaceae) Height to 1m. Extremely common, clockwise-twining annual that both trails on the ground and climbs among wayside plants. FLOWERS are greenish and rather dock-like; they are borne in loose spikes that arise from leaf axils (Jul-Oct). FRUITS are nut-like and blackish. LEAVES are arrow-shaped and borne on angular stems. STATUS-Widespread and common.
    140214.jpg
  • COMMON NETTLE Urtica dioica (Urticacae)  Height to 1m<br />
The familiar stinging nettle. FLOWERS are pendulous catkins; borne on separate sex plants (Jun-Oct). FRUITS resemble flowers superficially. LEAVES are oval, pointed-tipped, toothed and borne in opposite pairs; 8cm long and longer than stalks. STATUS-Widespread and common, doing best on nitrogen-enriched and disturbed soils.
    139841.jpg
  • COMMON NETTLE Urtica dioica (Urticacae)  Height to 1m<br />
The familiar stinging nettle. FLOWERS are pendulous catkins; borne on separate sex plants (Jun-Oct). FRUITS resemble flowers superficially. LEAVES are oval, pointed-tipped, toothed and borne in opposite pairs; 8cm long and longer than stalks. STATUS-Widespread and common, doing best on nitrogen-enriched and disturbed soils.
    139842.jpg
  • LADY’S-SLIPPER ORCHID Cypripedium calceolus (Height to 50cm) is unmistakable, its truly magnificent flower comprising maroon outer perianth segments and an inflated yellow lip, 4-5cm across (May-Jun). It grows on limestone soils in N England, where it is extremely rare and its known sites protected. Occasionally, the species is discovered elsewhere in N England although the native origins of some of these plants is doubtful.
    137905.jpg
  • ASPARAGUS Asparagus officinalis (Liliaceae) Height to 1.5m<br />
Branched, hairless perennial that is either upright or prostrate. Young shoots are the familiar vegetable. Grows in free-draining grassy places. FLOWERS are 4-6mm long, greenish and bell-shaped; borne in leaf axils, with separate sex plants (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are red berries. LEAVES are reduced to tiny bracts; what appear to be leaves are in fact slender, branched stems. STATUS- Garden Asparagus (ssp. officinalis) is locally naturalised; prostrate Wild Asparagus (ssp. prostratus) grows on sea cliffs in SW.
    135362.jpg
  • BOG-MYRTLE Myrica gale (Myricaceae) Height to 1m<br />
Woody, brown-stemmed shrub that is characteristic of boggy habitats, usually on acid soils. FLOWERS are orange, ovoid male catkins and pendulous brown female catkins; on separate plants (Apr). FRUITS are brownish nuts. LEAVES are oval, grey-green and smell of resin when crushed. STATUS-Widespread but local; sometimes locally dominant.
    134797.jpg
  • BOG-MYRTLE Myrica gale (Myricaceae) Height to 1m<br />
Woody, brown-stemmed shrub that is characteristic of boggy habitats, usually on acid soils. FLOWERS are orange, ovoid male catkins and pendulous brown female catkins; on separate plants (Apr). FRUITS are brownish nuts. LEAVES are oval, grey-green and smell of resin when crushed. STATUS-Widespread but local; sometimes locally dominant.
    134791.jpg
  • BOG-MYRTLE Myrica gale (Myricaceae) Height to 1m<br />
Woody, brown-stemmed shrub that is characteristic of boggy habitats, usually on acid soils. FLOWERS are orange, ovoid male catkins and pendulous brown female catkins; on separate plants (Apr). FRUITS are brownish nuts. LEAVES are oval, grey-green and smell of resin when crushed. STATUS-Widespread but local; sometimes locally dominant.
    134790.jpg
  • LOUSEWORT Pedicularis sylvatica (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 20cm. Spreading and hairless perennial with numerous branching stems. Semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grows on damp heaths and moors, and in bogs, usually on acid soils. FLOWERS are 20-25mm long, the corolla pale pink and 2-lipped, the upper lip with 2 teeth; borne in few-flowered leafy spikes (Apr-Jul). FRUITS are inflated capsules. LEAVES are feathery and divided into toothed leaflets. STATUS-Widespread and locally common throughout the region in suitable habitats.
    133651.jpg
  • LOUSEWORT Pedicularis sylvatica (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 20cm. Spreading and hairless perennial with numerous branching stems. Semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grows on damp heaths and moors, and in bogs, usually on acid soils. FLOWERS are 20-25mm long, the corolla pale pink and 2-lipped, the upper lip with 2 teeth; borne in few-flowered leafy spikes (Apr-Jul). FRUITS are inflated capsules. LEAVES are feathery and divided into toothed leaflets. STATUS-Widespread and locally common throughout the region in suitable habitats.
    133650.jpg
  • BUTTERBUR Petasites hybridus (Asteraceae) Height to 50cm<br />
Impressive, patch-forming perennial with creeping rhizomes. Grows in damp ground, often beside rivers and ditches. FLOWERS are borne in pinkish red heads with separate sex plants (male flower heads are 7-12mm across, females flower heads are 3-6mm across); carried on impressive and robust spikes, up to 40cm tall, (Mar-May), going over as the leaves appear. FRUITS are achenes. LEAVES are heart-shaped, up to 1m across, and most evident in summer. STATUS-Locally common throughout the region.
    133494.jpg
  • ASPARAGUS Asparagus officinalis (Liliaceae) Height to 1.5m<br />
Branched, hairless perennial that is either upright or prostrate. Young shoots are the familiar vegetable. Grows in free-draining grassy places. FLOWERS are 4-6mm long, greenish and bell-shaped; borne in leaf axils, with separate sex plants (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are red berries. LEAVES are reduced to tiny bracts; what appear to be leaves are in fact slender, branched stems. STATUS- Garden Asparagus (ssp. officinalis) is locally naturalised; prostrate Wild Asparagus (ssp. prostratus) grows on sea cliffs in SW.
    132017.jpg
  • LARGE BINDWEED Calystegia silvatica (Convolvulaceae) Climbing, to 2-4m. Vigorous, hairless perennial that is similar to Hedge Bindweed; subtle differences in flower structure allow separation. Grows on disturbed ground and roadside verges, twining around other plants to assist its progress. FLOWERS are 6-7cm across, white and funnel-shaped (Jun-Sep); the 2 epicalyx bracts overlap one another and conceal the sepals. FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are arrow-shaped and up to 12cm long. STATUS-Naturalised, mainly in the where it is locally common.
    131927.jpg
  • LOUSEWORT Pedicularis sylvatica (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 20cm. Spreading and hairless perennial with numerous branching stems. Semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grows on damp heaths and moors, and in bogs, usually on acid soils. FLOWERS are 20-25mm long, the corolla pale pink and 2-lipped, the upper lip with 2 teeth; borne in few-flowered leafy spikes (Apr-Jul). FRUITS are inflated capsules. LEAVES are feathery and divided into toothed leaflets. STATUS-Widespread and locally common throughout the region in suitable habitats.
    131889.jpg
  • ALPINE BARTSIA Bartsia alpina (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 25cm. Upright, downy and unbranched perennial; semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grows in damp grassland on upland, limestone soils. FLOWERS are 15-20mm long, the corolla purple and 2-lipped (upper longer than lower); in spikes (Jul-Aug). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are oval, unstalked and untoothed, the upper ones tinged purple. STATUS-Rare, restricted to a few sites in N England and the Scottish Highlands.
    131759.jpg
  • ANNUAL MERCURY Mercurialis annua (Euphorbiaceae) Height to 50cm. Hairless, branched and bushy annual. Found on waste ground and in cultivated soils, often near the sea. FLOWERS are yellowish green and borne in spikes on separate sex plants (Jul-Oct). FRUITS are bristly. LEAVES are narrowly ovate, shiny and toothed. STATUS-Locally common in the S but mainly coastal.
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  • WHITE BRYONY Bryonia dioica (Cucurbitaceae) Height to 4m<br />
Climbing perennial whose progress is aided by long, unbranched tendrils. Found in hedges and woodland margins. FLOWERS are greenish, 5-parted and borne on separate-sex plants; arise from leaf axils (May-Aug). FRUITS are red, shiny berries. LEAVES are 4-7cm across and divided into 5 lobes. STATUS-Common in England; scarce elsewhere.
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  • HONEWORT Trinia glauca (Apiaceae) Height to 15cm<br />
Compact, hairless, grey-green and waxy perennial. Found in short, dry grassland on limestone soils. FLOWERS are white, with separate sex plants; male umbels are 1cm across, female 3cm across (May-Jun). FRUITS are egg-shaped and ridged. LEAVES are 2- or 3-pinnate with narrow lobes. STATUS-Rare; S Devon and N Somerset only.
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  • COMMON COW-WHEAT Melampyrum arvense (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 35cm. Variable but typically straggly annual that is semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grows on heaths and along woodland rides, and found mainly on acid soils. FLOWERS are 10-18mm long, the corolla pale yellow and flattened laterally, 2-lipped but with the mouth almost closed; in pairs, arising from axils of toothed, leaf-like bracts, these borne in spikes (May-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are narrow, shiny and in opposite pairs. STATUS-Widespread and locally common throughout.
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  • COMMON COW-WHEAT - Melampyrum pratense (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 35cm. Variable but typically straggly annual that is semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grows on heaths and along woodland rides, and found mainly on acid soils. FLOWERS are 10-18mm long, the corolla pale yellow and flattened laterally, 2-lipped but with the mouth almost closed; in pairs, arising from axils of toothed, leaf-like bracts, these borne in spikes (May-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are narrow, shiny and in opposite pairs. STATUS-Widespread and locally common throughout.
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  • YELLOW BARTSIA Parentucellia viscosa (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 40cm. Stickily-hairy, unbranched annual that is semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grow in damp, grassy places, mostly near the sea and often in dune slacks<br />
FLOWERS are 15-35mm long, the corolla bright yellow and 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-lobed; in leafy spikes (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are lanceolate and unstalked. STATUS-Very locally common near coasts of S and SW England and W Ireland.
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  • COMMON NETTLE Urtica dioica (Urticacae)  Height to 1m<br />
The familiar stinging nettle. FLOWERS are pendulous catkins; borne on separate sex plants (Jun-Oct). FRUITS resemble flowers superficially. LEAVES are oval, pointed-tipped, toothed and borne in opposite pairs; 8cm long and longer than stalks. STATUS-Widespread and common, doing best on nitrogen-enriched and disturbed soils.
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  • YELLOW-RATTLE Rhinanthus minor (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 45cm. Variable, upright and almost hairless annual that is semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. The stems are stiff, 4-angled and often marked with dark spots and streaks. Grows in undisturbed meadows and stabilised dunes. FLOWERS are 10-20mm long, the corolla yellow, 2-lipped and somewhat tubular and straight, the 2 teeth on the upper lip are 1mm long; borne in spikes with triangular, toothed and leaf-like green bracts (May-Sep). FRUITS are inflated capsules inside which the ripe seeds do indeed rattle. LEAVES are oblong with rounded teeth. STATUS-Widespread and common.
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  • RED CAMPION Silene dioica (Caryophyllaceae) Height to 1m<br />
Hairy biennial or perennial of hedgerows, grassy banks and wayside places generally. FLOWERS are reddish pink and 20-30mm across; male flowers are smaller than females and on separate plants (Mar-Oct). FRUITS reveal 10 reflexed teeth when ripe. LEAVES are hairy and borne in opposite pairs. STATUS-Widespread and common.
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  • Hybrid Spanish Bluebell  Hyacinthoides non-scripta x hispanicus is more popular in gardens, and more widely naturalised, than Spanish Bluebell. Confusingly, plants show a spectrum of characters intermediate between the two parents.
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  • FALSE OXLIP Primula veris x vulgaris (Primulaceae) Height to 20cm. Naturally occurring hybrid between Primrose and Cowslip that superficially resembles Oxlip. Found in hedgerows, woodlands and meadows, where both parents occur. FLOWERS are 15-20mm across, yellow and 5-lobed; borne in umbels that are not 1-sided (Mar-May). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are oval, crinkly and tapering, forming a basal rosette. STATUS-Widespread but always local and far less numerous than parent plants.
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  • FALSE OXLIP Primula veris x vulgaris (Primulaceae) Height to 20cm. Naturally occurring hybrid between Primrose and Cowslip that superficially resembles Oxlip. Found in hedgerows, woodlands and meadows, where both parents occur. FLOWERS are 15-20mm across, yellow and 5-lobed; borne in umbels that are not 1-sided (Mar-May). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are oval, crinkly and tapering, forming a basal rosette. STATUS-Widespread but always local and far less numerous than parent plants.
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  • BUTTERBUR Petasites hybridus (Asteraceae) Height to 50cm<br />
Impressive, patch-forming perennial with creeping rhizomes. Grows in damp ground, often beside rivers and ditches. FLOWERS are borne in pinkish red heads with separate sex plants (male flower heads are 7-12mm across, females flower heads are 3-6mm across); carried on impressive and robust spikes, up to 40cm tall, (Mar-May), going over as the leaves appear. FRUITS are achenes. LEAVES are heart-shaped, up to 1m across, and most evident in summer. STATUS-Locally common throughout the region.
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  • COMMON NETTLE Urtica dioica (Urticacae)  Height to 1m<br />
The familiar stinging nettle. FLOWERS are pendulous catkins; borne on separate sex plants (Jun-Oct). FRUITS resemble flowers superficially. LEAVES are oval, pointed-tipped, toothed and borne in opposite pairs; 8cm long and longer than stalks. STATUS-Widespread and common, doing best on nitrogen-enriched and disturbed soils.
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  • FIELD BINDWEED Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae) Creeping or climbing Height to 3m. Familiar perennial that grows in disturbed ground and arable land; a persistent weed in the garden. Twines around other plants to assist its progress. FLOWERS are 15-30mm across, funnel-shaped and either white or pink with broad, white stripes (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are arrow-shaped, 2-5cm long and long-stalked. STATUS-Widespread and common throughout the region, except in N Scotland.
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  • SMALL COW-WHEAT Melampyrum sylvaticum (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 25cm. Variable, straggly annual; semi-parasitic on roots of other plants. Grows in upland birch or pine woodlands. FLOWERS are 8-10mm long, the corolla deep yellow and 2-lipped, the mouth opening widely and the lower lip curved down; borne in pairs arising from the axils of leaf-like bracts that are barely toothed (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are narrow-oval. STATUS-Very local in Scotland and N Ireland.
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  • CRESTED COW-WHEAT Melampyrum cristatum (Scrophulariaceae)  Height less than 50cm<br />
Upright, downy annual that is semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grows on verges and along grassy, woodland rides. FLOWERS are 12-16mm long, the corolla yellow and purple, and 2-lipped; borne in 4-sided spikes with triangular, toothed bracts tinged purple at the base (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are lanceolate, unstalked and in opposite pairs.
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  • BOG-MYRTLE Myrica gale (Myricaceae)  Height to 1m<br />
Woody, brown-stemmed shrub that is characteristic of boggy habitats, usually on acid soils. FLOWERS are orange, ovoid male catkins and pendulous brown female catkins; on separate plants (Apr). FRUITS are brownish nuts. LEAVES are oval, grey-green and smell of resin when crushed.
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  • YELLOW BARTSIA Parentucellia viscosa (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 40cm. Stickily-hairy, unbranched annual that is semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grow in damp, grassy places, mostly near the sea and often in dune slacks<br />
FLOWERS are 15-35mm long, the corolla bright yellow and 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-lobed; in leafy spikes (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are lanceolate and unstalked. STATUS-Very locally common near coasts of S and SW England and W Ireland.
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  • YELLOW-RATTLE Rhinanthus minor (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 45cm. Variable, upright and almost hairless annual that is semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. The stems are stiff, 4-angled and often marked with dark spots and streaks. Grows in undisturbed meadows and stabilised dunes. FLOWERS are 10-20mm long, the corolla yellow, 2-lipped and somewhat tubular and straight, the 2 teeth on the upper lip are 1mm long; borne in spikes with triangular, toothed and leaf-like green bracts (May-Sep). FRUITS are inflated capsules inside which the ripe seeds do indeed rattle. LEAVES are oblong with rounded teeth. STATUS-Widespread and common.
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  • BOG-MYRTLE Myrica gale (Myricaceae)  Height to 1m<br />
Woody, brown-stemmed shrub that is characteristic of boggy habitats, usually on acid soils. FLOWERS are orange, ovoid male catkins and pendulous brown female catkins; on separate plants (Apr). FRUITS are brownish nuts. LEAVES are oval, grey-green and smell of resin when crushed.
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  • DOG’S MERCURY Mercurialis perennis (Euphorbiaceae) Height to 35cm. Hairy, creeping perennial with a foetid smell. Found in woodlands (sometimes forms carpets); also in limestone pavements. FLOWERS are yellowish are rather tiny; in open spikes on separate sex plants (Feb-Apr). FRUITS are hairy. LEAVES are oval, shiny and toothed. STATUS-Widespread and generally common but scarce in N Scotland and Ireland.
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  • BUTTERBUR Petasites hybridus (Asteraceae) Height to 50cm<br />
Impressive, patch-forming perennial with creeping rhizomes. Grows in damp ground, often beside rivers and ditches. FLOWERS are borne in pinkish red heads with separate sex plants (male flower heads are 7-12mm across, females flower heads are 3-6mm across); carried on impressive and robust spikes, up to 40cm tall, (Mar-May), going over as the leaves appear. FRUITS are achenes. LEAVES are heart-shaped, up to 1m across, and most evident in summer. STATUS-Locally common throughout the region.
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  • CRESTED COW-WHEAT Melampyrum cristatum Height to 50cm<br />
Upright, downy annual that is semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grows on verges and along grassy, woodland rides. FLOWERS are 12-16mm long, the corolla yellow and purple, and 2-lipped; borne in 4-sided spikes with triangular, toothed bracts tinged purple at the base (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are lanceolate, unstalked and in opposite pairs. STATUS-Rare and local, confined to E England.
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  • RED BARTSIA Odontites vernus (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 40cm. Straggly, branched and downy annual with stems often tinged reddish. Semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grows on disturbed ground, tracks and verges, and in arable field margins. FLOWERS are 8-10mm long, the corolla pinkish purple and 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-lobed; borne in 1-sided, elongated and slightly curved spikes (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are narrow, toothed, unstalked and borne in opposite pairs. STATUS-Widespread and common throughout the region.
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  • LEOPARD’S-BANE Doronicum pardalianches (Asteraceae) Height to 70cm. Upright and downy or hairy perennial that grows on roadside verges, and in woodland rides. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 3-5cm across, comprising orange-yellow disc florets and bright yellow ray florets; carried in branched inflorescences of 2-5 heads (May-Jun). FRUITS are achenes. LEAVES are heart-shaped, toothed and stalked at the base of the plant; stem leaves are increasingly unstalked up the plant. STATUS-Introduced as a garden plant, and naturalised locally across the region.
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  • Weld - Reseda luteola. Height to 1.2m. Upright, hollow-stemmed biennial of disturbed calcareous ground. FLOWERS are yellow-green with 4 petals; in tall spikes in the plant’s second year (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are globular pods. LEAVES are narrow; form a basal rosette in the plant’s 1st year but appear as stem leaves in 2nd. STATUS-Widespread and fairly common, except in N and W.
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  • Common Spotted Orchid - Dactlorhiza fuchsii (Orchidaceae) Height to 60cm. Robust orchid of grassland, open woods and verges, mostly on calcareous or neutral soils. FLOWERS vary in colour from plant to plant, ranging from pale pink to pinkish purple; darker streaks and spots adorn lower lip, which has 3 even-sized lobes and is 1cm across. Flowers are borne in open spikes (May-Aug). FRUITS are egg-shaped. LEAVES are green glossy and dark-spotted; borne in a basal rosette before flower stalk appears; narrower leaves sheath lower part of the stalk. STATUS-Locally common.
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  • Common Spotted Orchids, Dactlorhiza fuchsii (Orchidaceae) Height to 60cm. Robust orchid of grassland, open woods and verges, mostly on calcareous or neutral soils. FLOWERS vary in colour from plant to plant, ranging from pale pink to pinkish purple; darker streaks and spots adorn lower lip, which has 3 even-sized lobes and is 1cm across. Flowers are borne in open spikes (May-Aug). FRUITS are egg-shaped. LEAVES are green glossy and dark-spotted; borne in a basal rosette before flower stalk appears; narrower leaves sheath lower part of the stalk. STATUS-Locally common.
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  • Common Spotted Orchid - Dacttlorhiza fuchsii - White form. var. albiflora. Height to 60cm. Robust orchid of grassland, open woods and verges, mostly on calcareous or neutral soils. FLOWERS vary in colour from plant to plant, ranging from pale pink to pinkish purple; darker streaks and spots adorn lower lip, which has 3 even-sized lobes and is 1cm across. Flowers are borne in open spikes (May-Aug). FRUITS are egg-shaped. LEAVES are green glossy and dark-spotted; borne in a basal rosette before flower stalk appears; narrower leaves sheath lower part of the stalk. STATUS-Locally common.
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  • Common Spotted Orchid - Dacttlorhiza fuchsii (Orchidaceae) Height to 60cm. Robust orchid of grassland, open woods and verges, mostly on calcareous or neutral soils. FLOWERS vary in colour from plant to plant, ranging from pale pink to pinkish purple; darker streaks and spots adorn lower lip, which has 3 even-sized lobes and is 1cm across. Flowers are borne in open spikes (May-Aug). FRUITS are egg-shaped. LEAVES are green glossy and dark-spotted; borne in a basal rosette before flower stalk appears; narrower leaves sheath lower part of the stalk. STATUS-Locally common.
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  • Weld - Reseda luteola (Resedaceae) Height to 1.2m<br />
Upright, hollow-stemmed biennial of disturbed calcareous ground. FLOWERS are yellow-green with 4 petals; in tall spikes in the plant’s second year (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are globular pods. LEAVES are narrow; form a basal rosette in the plant’s 1st year but appear as stem leaves in 2nd. STATUS-Widespread and fairly common, except in N and W.
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  • German-ivy Delairea odorata (Asteraceae) Spreading, trailing plant. Originally from South Africa but introduced elsewhere and often an invasive problem plant in coastal areas in particular. Leaves are superificially ivy-shaped. Flowers are yellow and vaguely daisy-like. Established on Isles of Scilly.
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  • Saltmarsh Goosefoot Chenopodium chenopodioides (Chenopodiaceae). Height to 30cm. Recalls Red Goosefoot but the mature leaves are always red below and indeed the whole plant is often red tinged. The reddish-green flowers are borne in clusters (July-Sep) and the plant grows on drying mud in saltmarshes, with north Kent as its stronghold.
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  • COMMON KNAPWEED Centaurea nigra (Asteraceae) Height to 1m. Downy or hairy perennial that branches towards the top of the plant. The stems are stiff and grooved and are often swollen beneath the base of the flowers. Grows in a wide range of grassy places. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 2-4cm across, with reddish purple florets and a swollen, hard base covered in brown bracts; heads are usually solitary (Jun-Sep). FRUITS do not have pappus hairs. LEAVES are narrow, those near the base of the plant are slightly lobed. STATUS-Widespread and common throughout.
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  • COMMON KNAPWEED Centaurea nigra (Asteraceae) Height to 1m. Downy or hairy perennial that branches towards the top of the plant. The stems are stiff and grooved and are often swollen beneath the base of the flowers. Grows in a wide range of grassy places. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 2-4cm across, with reddish purple florets and a swollen, hard base covered in brown bracts; heads are usually solitary (Jun-Sep). FRUITS do not have pappus hairs. LEAVES are narrow, those near the base of the plant are slightly lobed. STATUS-Widespread and common throughout.
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  • Stinking Goosefoot Chenopodium vulvaria. Foul-smelling plant (similar to rotting fish). Overall greyish appearance. Flowers are borne on vitually leafless spikes (July-Aug). Rare and declining plant found around Poole Harbour and near The Fleet in Dorset.
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  • Stinking Goosefoot Chenopodium vulvaria. Foul-smelling plant (similar to rotting fish). Overall greyish appearance. Flowers are borne on vitually leafless spikes (July-Aug). Rare and declining plant found around Poole Harbour and near The Fleet in Dorset.
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  • HEATHER Calluna vulgaris (Ericaceae) Height to 50cm<br />
Dense, evergreen undershrub that is also known as Ling. A characteristic plant of acids soils on heath and moors on all but the wettest terrain. Also occurs in mature conifer woodland. FLOWERS are 4-5mm, bell-shaped and usually pink but sometimes white; borne in spikes (Aug-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are short, narrow and borne in 4 rows along the stem. STATUS-Widespread and locally abundant throughout the region. In many heathland and moorland areas it is the dominant plant.
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  • YELLOW BIRD’S-NEST Monotropa hypopitys (Monotropaceae) Height to 10cm. Bizarre plant of beech and conifer woodland, but also found in dune slacks. Whole plant lacks chlorophyll and looks waxy yellow; food is obtained from soil leaf mould. FLOWERS are 10-15mm long and bell-shaped; borne in nodding spikes (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are scale-like. STATUS-Widespread but extremely local.
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  • COMMON CUDWEED Filago vulgaris (Asteraceae) Height to 25cm. Upright, greyish annual with a white-woolly coating. Plant branches towards the top of the plant. Grows in dry, grassy places, often on sandy soil. FLOWERS are borne in rounded, woolly clusters, 10-12mm across, of 20-35 heads, not overtopped by leaves; each head has yellow florets and yellowish-tipped, straight bract tips (Jul-Aug). FRUITS are achenes. LEAVES are narrow, woolly and wavy. STATUS-Locally common in S.
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  • SMALL HARE’S-EAR Bupleurum baldense (Height to 2cm) is a tiny, atypical umbellifer, the tiny flower umbels shrouded by pointed green bracts (Jun-Jul); the leaves are narrow and strap-like. The plant grows dangerously near the cliff edge at Beachy Head in Sussex, with additional outposts in S Devon and the Channel Islands. However, it is hard to believe that such a small and insignificant plant has not been overlooked elsewhere.
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  • WELD Reseda luteola (Resedaceae) Height to 1.2m<br />
Upright, hollow-stemmed biennial of disturbed calcareous ground. FLOWERS are yellow-green with 4 petals; in tall spikes in the plant’s second year (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are globular pods. LEAVES are narrow; form a basal rosette in the plant’s 1st year but appear as stem leaves in 2nd. STATUS-Widespread and fairly common, except in N and W.
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