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  • BETONY Stachys officinalis (Lamiaceae) Height to 50cm<br />
Upright, unbranched and downy or hairless perennial. Grows along woodland rides and in grassy waysides and hedgerows, typically on sandy or chalky soils. FLOWERS are 12-18mm long and reddish purple; borne in showy, dense and terminal heads, reminiscent of marsh-orchid spikes (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are nutlets. LEAVES are stalked and oblong, typically heart-shaped at the base but narrower up the stem. STATUS-Widespread and fairly common in England and Wales but scarce or absent elsewhere.
    131582.jpg
  • FEVERFEW Tanacetum parthenium (Asteraceae) Height to 50cm. Upright, much-branched and downy perennial that is strongly aromatic. Grows in disturbed ground, and on verges, waysides and old walls. FLOWERS are borne in daisy-like heads, 1-2cm across, that comprise yellow disc and white ray florets; in loose clusters (Jul-Aug). FRUITS are achenes. LEAVES are yellowish green and pinnately divided; lower leaves stalked, upper ones unstalked. STATUS-Introduced as a garden plant and widely naturalised, often in the vicinity of habitation.
    131883.jpg
  • Meadow Oat-grass Helictotrichon (Avenula) pratensis Height to 70cm. Tufted perennial of disturbed grassland, roadside verges and waysides. FLOWERS are borne in an open inflorescence comprising numerous 2-flowered, awned spikelets (May-Sep). FRUITS are small, dry nutlets. LEAVES are broad and long. STATUS-Widespread and fairly common. Sometimes planted in seed mixes.
    134128.jpg
  • BETONY Stachys officinalis (Lamiaceae) Height to 50cm<br />
Upright, unbranched and downy or hairless perennial. Grows along woodland rides and in grassy waysides and hedgerows, typically on sandy or chalky soils. FLOWERS are 12-18mm long and reddish purple; borne in showy, dense and terminal heads, reminiscent of marsh-orchid spikes (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are nutlets. LEAVES are stalked and oblong, typically heart-shaped at the base but narrower up the stem. STATUS-Widespread and fairly common in England and Wales but scarce or absent elsewhere.
    131584.jpg
  • TIMOTHY Phleum pratense Height to 1.5m. Robust, hairless and tufted perennial of meadows, agricultural land and waysides. FLOWERS are borne in dense, cylindrical and rough heads, 13-16cm long, with purplish green spikelets, each with a short awn (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are small, dry nutlets. LEAVES are broad, rough and flat, with blunt ligules. STATUS-Widespread and common.
    130611.jpg
  • FEVERFEW Tanacetum parthenium (Asteraceae) Height to 50cm. Upright, much-branched and downy perennial that is strongly aromatic. Grows in disturbed ground, and on verges, waysides and old walls. FLOWERS are borne in daisy-like heads, 1-2cm across, that comprise yellow disc and white ray florets; in loose clusters (Jul-Aug). FRUITS are achenes. LEAVES are yellowish green and pinnately divided; lower leaves stalked, upper ones unstalked. STATUS-Introduced as a garden plant and widely naturalised, often in the vicinity of habitation.
    131882.jpg
  • LUNGWORT Pulmonaria officinalis (Boraginaceae) Height to 30cm. Roughly hairy perennial of verges and waysides. FLOWERS are 1cm across, bell-shaped and pink at first, turning blue; in terminal clusters (Feb-May). FRUITS are egg-shaped nutlets. LEAVES are oval and green with white spots; basal ones taper abruptly to winged stalks; stem leaves are unstalked and clasping. STATUS-Naturalised locally.
    130339.jpg
  • Gatekeeper Pyronia tithonus Wingspan 40mm. A classic hedgerow and wayside butterfly, and a sign that summer has arrived; often feeds on Bramble flowers. Adult has brown upperwings with broad orange patches and an eyespot with twin highlights on the forewing. Underside of hindwing is marbled brown and buffish-white; forewing has large orange patch with an eyespot. Flies July–Aug. Larva feeds on grasses and is nocturnal. Locally common in central and southern England and Wales, and southern Ireland.
    140226.jpg
  • Gatekeeper Pyronia tithonus Wingspan 40mm. A classic hedgerow and wayside butterfly, and a sign that summer has arrived; often feeds on Bramble flowers. Adult has brown upperwings with broad orange patches and an eyespot with twin highlights on the forewing. Underside of hindwing is marbled brown and buffish-white; forewing has large orange patch with an eyespot. Flies July–Aug. Larva feeds on grasses and is nocturnal. Locally common in central and southern England and Wales, and southern Ireland.
    140163.jpg
  • COMMON VALERIAN Valeriana officinalis (Valerianaceae) * Height to 1.5m. Upright, usually unbranched perennial. Grows in grassy, wayside places, beside rivers and in woodland; favours both dry and damp soil, growing tallest in latter situation. FLOWERS are 3-5mm long, the corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed and pale pink; borne in dense, terminal umbels (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are oblong with a feathery pappus. LEAVES are lanceolate, toothed and in opposite pairs. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
    131166.jpg
  • Gatekeeper Pyronia tithonus Wingspan 40mm. A classic hedgerow and wayside butterfly, and a sign that summer has arrived; often feeds on Bramble flowers. Adult has brown upperwings with broad orange patches and an eyespot with twin highlights on the forewing. Underside of hindwing is marbled brown and buffish-white; forewing has large orange patch with an eyespot. Flies July–Aug. Larva feeds on grasses and is nocturnal. Locally common in central and southern England and Wales, and southern Ireland.
    133426.jpg
  • Gatekeeper - Maniola tithonius - male (top row) - female - bottom row. Wingspan 40mm. A classic hedgerow and wayside butterfly, and a sign that summer has arrived; often feeds on Bramble flowers. Adult has brown upperwings with broad orange patches and an eyespot with twin highlights on the forewing. Underside of hindwing is marbled brown and buffish-white; forewing has large orange patch with an eyespot. Flies July–Aug. Larva feeds on grasses and is nocturnal. Locally common in central and southern England and Wales, and southern Ireland.
    157175.jpg
  • Gatekeeper Pyronia tithonus Wingspan 40mm. A classic hedgerow and wayside butterfly, and a sign that summer has arrived; often feeds on Bramble flowers. Adult has brown upperwings with broad orange patches and an eyespot with twin highlights on the forewing. Underside of hindwing is marbled brown and buffish-white; forewing has large orange patch with an eyespot. Flies July–Aug. Larva feeds on grasses and is nocturnal. Locally common in central and southern England and Wales, and southern Ireland.
    136192.jpg
  • Gatekeeper Pyronia tithonus Wingspan 40mm. A classic hedgerow and wayside butterfly, and a sign that summer has arrived; often feeds on Bramble flowers. Adult has brown upperwings with broad orange patches and an eyespot with twin highlights on the forewing. Underside of hindwing is marbled brown and buffish-white; forewing has large orange patch with an eyespot. Flies July–Aug. Larva feeds on grasses and is nocturnal. Locally common in central and southern England and Wales, and southern Ireland.
    103389.jpg
  • Timothy - Phleum pratense
    161304.jpg
  • Gatekeeper - Maniola tithonius
    161262.jpg
  • HEMLOCK Conium maculatum (Apiaceae) Height to 2m<br />
Highly poisonous, hairless biennial with hollow, purple-blotched stems and an unpleasant smell when bruised. Found on damp, wayside ground, motorway verges and riversides. FLOWERS are white and borne in umbels that are 2-5cm across (Jun-Jul). FRUITS are globular with wavy ridges. LEAVES are up to 4 times pinnately divided into fine leaflets. STATUS-Widespread and locally common, except in the far N.
    130857.jpg
  • HEDGE WOUNDWORT Stachys sylvatica (Lamiaceae) Height to 75cm. Roughly hairy perennial with creeping stems, upright flowering stalks and an unpleasant smell to the whole plant when bruised. Grows in hedgerows, wayside ground and in verges, often on disturbed ground. FLOWERS are 12-18mm long and reddish purple with white markings on the lower lip; borne in open, terminal spikes (Jun-Oct). FRUITS are nutlets. LEAVES are ovate, toothed and long-stalked, the lower ones being rather heart-shaped. STATUS-Widespread and common throughout much of the region.
    131320.jpg
  • RED CAMPION Silene dioica (Caryophyllaceae) Height to 1m<br />
Hairy biennial or perennial of hedgerows, grassy banks and wayside places generally. FLOWERS are reddish pink and 20-30mm across; male flowers are smaller than females and on separate plants (Mar-Oct). FRUITS reveal 10 reflexed teeth when ripe. LEAVES are hairy and borne in opposite pairs. STATUS-Widespread and common.
    130957.jpg
  • GARLIC MUSTARD Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae) Height to 1m. Familiar wayside biennial, often found in hedgerows and on roadside verges. FLOWERS are 6mm across with 4 white petals (Apr-Jun). FRUITS are cylindrical, ribbed and 4-5cm long. LEAVES are heart-shaped, toothed and borne up stem; they smell of garlic when crushed. STATUS-Widespread and common, but least so in N and W or region.
    130812.jpg
  • GARLIC MUSTARD Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae) Height to 1m. Familiar wayside biennial, often found in hedgerows and on roadside verges. FLOWERS are 6mm across with 4 white petals (Apr-Jun). FRUITS are cylindrical, ribbed and 4-5cm long. LEAVES are heart-shaped, toothed and borne up stem; they smell of garlic when crushed. STATUS-Widespread and common, but least so in N and W or region.
    130686.jpg
  • JAPANESE KNOTWEED Fallopia japonica (Polygonaceae) Height to 2m<br />
Fast-growing and invasive perennial, quick to colonise roadsides and other wayside places; hard to eradicate. FLOWERS are whitish and borne in loose, pendulous spikes that arise from leaf bases (Aug-Oct). FRUITS are papery. LEAVES are large, triangular and borne on red, zigzag stems.
    104322.jpg
  • DAME’S-VIOLET Hesperis matronalis (Brassicaceae) Height to 90cm. Hairy biennial or perennial associated with hedgerows and wayside places. FLOWERS are fragrant and 17-20mm across, with 4 violet or pinkish white petals; in terminal clusters (May-Aug). FRUITS are long, flattened and curve upwards. LEAVES are narrow, pointed, untoothed and stalked. STATUS-Widely naturalised as a garden escape.
    144479.jpg
  • HEMLOCK Conium maculatum (Apiaceae) Height to 2m<br />
Highly poisonous, hairless biennial with hollow, purple-blotched stems and an unpleasant smell when bruised. Found on damp, wayside ground, motorway verges and riversides. FLOWERS are white and borne in umbels that are 2-5cm across (Jun-Jul). FRUITS are globular with wavy ridges. LEAVES are up to 4 times pinnately divided into fine leaflets. STATUS-Widespread and locally common, except in the far N.
    131142.jpg
  • DAME’S-VIOLET Hesperis matronalis (Brassicaceae) Height to 90cm. Hairy biennial or perennial associated with hedgerows and wayside places. FLOWERS are fragrant and 17-20mm across, with 4 violet or pinkish white petals; in terminal clusters (May-Aug). FRUITS are long, flattened and curve upwards. LEAVES are narrow, pointed, untoothed and stalked. STATUS-Widely naturalised as a garden escape.
    129824.jpg
  • WINTER HELIOTROPE Petasites fragrans (Asteraceae) Height to 20cm. Creeping and patch-forming perennial that grows in damp or shady wayside places and hedgerows. FLOWERS are vanilla-scented and borne in pinkish lilac heads, 10-12mm across; these are carried in spikes, 20-25cm long (Dec-Mar). FRUITS are achenes. LEAVES are rounded, 20cm across, long-stalked and present all year. STATUS-Introduced as a garden plant but now widely naturalised throughout the region.
    119489.jpg
  • DAME’S-VIOLET Hesperis matronalis (Brassicaceae) Height to 90cm. Hairy biennial or perennial associated with hedgerows and wayside places. FLOWERS are fragrant and 17-20mm across, with 4 violet or pinkish white petals; in terminal clusters (May-Aug). FRUITS are long, flattened and curve upwards. LEAVES are narrow, pointed, untoothed and stalked. STATUS-Widely naturalised as a garden escape.
    144478.jpg
  • APANESE KNOTWEED Fallopia japonica (Polygonaceae) Height to 2m. Fast-growing and invasive perennial, quick to colonise roadsides and other wayside places; hard to eradicate. FLOWERS are whitish and borne in loose, pendulous spikes that arise from leaf bases (Aug-Oct). FRUITS are papery. LEAVES are large, triangular and borne on red, zigzag stems.
    144544.jpg
  • JAPANESE KNOTWEED Fallopia japonica (Polygonaceae) Height to 2m<br />
Fast-growing and invasive perennial, quick to colonise roadsides and other wayside places; hard to eradicate. FLOWERS are whitish and borne in loose, pendulous spikes that arise from leaf bases (Aug-Oct). FRUITS are papery. LEAVES are large, triangular and borne on red, zigzag stems.
    157703.jpg
  • Red Campion - Silene dioica. Height to 1m<br />
Hairy biennial or perennial of hedgerows, grassy banks and wayside places generally. FLOWERS are reddish pink and 20-30mm across; male flowers are smaller than females and on separate plants (Mar-Oct). FRUITS reveal 10 reflexed teeth when ripe. LEAVES are hairy and borne in opposite pairs. STATUS-Widespread and common.
    157345.jpg
  • CANADIAN GOLDENROD Solidago canadensis (Asteraceae) Height to 2m. Variable, upright and downy perennial that grows in damp, wayside ground, hedgerows and rough grassland. FLOWERS are yellow; individual heads are borne in crowded, arching and 1-sided sprays in branching clusters (Jul-Oct). FRUITS are 1-seeded with pappus hairs. LEAVES are oval, toothed and 3-veined. STATUS-Introduced and now a familiar garden plant that is naturalised locally as an escape.
    132145.jpg
  • HEDGE WOUNDWORT Stachys sylvatica (Lamiaceae) Height to 75cm. Roughly hairy perennial with creeping stems, upright flowering stalks and an unpleasant smell to the whole plant when bruised. Grows in hedgerows, wayside ground and in verges, often on disturbed ground. FLOWERS are 12-18mm long and reddish purple with white markings on the lower lip; borne in open, terminal spikes (Jun-Oct). FRUITS are nutlets. LEAVES are ovate, toothed and long-stalked, the lower ones being rather heart-shaped. STATUS-Widespread and common throughout much of the region.
    131319.jpg
  • HEMLOCK Conium maculatum (Apiaceae) Height to 2m<br />
Highly poisonous, hairless biennial with hollow, purple-blotched stems and an unpleasant smell when bruised. Found on damp, wayside ground, motorway verges and riversides. FLOWERS are white and borne in umbels that are 2-5cm across (Jun-Jul). FRUITS are globular with wavy ridges. LEAVES are up to 4 times pinnately divided into fine leaflets. STATUS-Widespread and locally common, except in the far N.
    131143.jpg
  • SHEPHERD’S-PURSE Capsella bursa-pastoris (Brassicaceae) Height to 35cm. Distinctive annual of arable fields, tracks, gardens and wayside ground. FLOWERS are 2-3mm across with 4 white petals; in terminal clusters (Jan-Dec). FRUITS are green, triangular and notched. LEAVES vary from lobed to entire; upper ones are usually toothed and clasp the stem. STATUS-Widespread and rather common throughout.
    130848.jpg
  • HEMLOCK Conium maculatum (Apiaceae) Height to 2m<br />
Highly poisonous, hairless biennial with hollow, purple-blotched stems and an unpleasant smell when bruised. Found on damp, wayside ground, motorway verges and riversides. FLOWERS are white and borne in umbels that are 2-5cm across (Jun-Jul). FRUITS are globular with wavy ridges. LEAVES are up to 4 times pinnately divided into fine leaflets.
    106168.jpg
  • APANESE KNOTWEED Fallopia japonica (Polygonaceae) Height to 2m. Fast-growing and invasive perennial, quick to colonise roadsides and other wayside places; hard to eradicate. FLOWERS are whitish and borne in loose, pendulous spikes that arise from leaf bases (Aug-Oct). FRUITS are papery. LEAVES are large, triangular and borne on red, zigzag stems.
    144545.jpg
  • COMMON VALERIAN Valeriana officinalis (Valerianaceae) Height to 1.5m. Upright, usually unbranched perennial. Grows in grassy, wayside places, beside rivers and in woodland; favours both dry and damp soil, growing tallest in latter situation. FLOWERS are 3-5mm long, the corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed and pale pink; borne in dense, terminal umbels (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are oblong with a feathery pappus. LEAVES are lanceolate, toothed and in opposite pairs. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
    131342.jpg
  • SHEPHERD’S-PURSE Capsella bursa-pastoris (Brassicaceae) Height to 35cm. Distinctive annual of arable fields, tracks, gardens and wayside ground. FLOWERS are 2-3mm across with 4 white petals; in terminal clusters (Jan-Dec). FRUITS are green, triangular and notched. LEAVES vary from lobed to entire; upper ones are usually toothed and clasp the stem. STATUS-Widespread and rather common throughout.
    130847.jpg
  • SWEET ALISON Lobularia maritima (Brassicaceae) Height to 20cm. Hairy perennial found in hedgerows and wayside places, usually near habitation. FLOWERS are 5-6mm across and sweet-smelling, with 4 white petals (Jun-Oct). FRUITS are small oval pods, borne on long stalks. LEAVES are narrow, entire and grey-green.
    105989.jpg
  • APANESE KNOTWEED Fallopia japonica (Polygonaceae) Height to 2m. Fast-growing and invasive perennial, quick to colonise roadsides and other wayside places; hard to eradicate. FLOWERS are whitish and borne in loose, pendulous spikes that arise from leaf bases (Aug-Oct). FRUITS are papery. LEAVES are large, triangular and borne on red, zigzag stems.
    144546.jpg
  • Shepherd's Purse - Capsella bursa-pastoris
    162287.jpg
  • GREEN ALKANET Pentaglottis sempervirens (Boraginaceae) Height to 60cm. Upright, bristly perennial found in shady hedgerows and on roadside verges. FLOWERS are 8-10mm across and blue with a white centre; borne in clusters arising from upper leaf axils (Apr-Jun). FRUITS are rough nutlets. LEAVES are oval, pointed and net-veined; lower leaves stalked, upper ones unstalked. STATUS-Naturalised locally.
    130805.jpg
  • Garlic Mustard - Alliaria petiolata, Stoke Wood, Bicester, Oxfordshire
    162366.jpg
  • Garlic Mustard - Alliaria petiolata, Stoke Wood, Bicester, Oxfordshire
    162365.jpg
  • Hedge Woundwort - Stachys sylvatica
    159885.jpg
  • Hemlock - Conium maculatum
    159380.jpg
  • Linnet - Linaria cannabina - male. L 13-14cm. Breeding male is colourful but otherwise rather non-descript. Forms flocks outside breeding season. Sexes are dissimilar. Adult male in summer has grey head, rosy forecrown, and chestnut back. Pale underparts are flushed rosy-pink on breast. Note whitish patch on wings, pale sides to tail, and streaked throat. In winter rosy elements of plumage are dull or absent. Adult female has brown back, grey-brown head and streaked pale underparts. Note whitish patch on wings. Juvenile is similar to adult female but more streaked. Voice Utters tetter-tett call. Male’s has a twittering, warbling song. Status Common and widespread. Favours heaths and scrub in summer, waysides and farmland in winter.
    156489.jpg
  • Linaria cannabina L 13-14cm. Breeding male is colourful but otherwise rather non-descript. Forms flocks outside breeding season. Sexes are dissimilar. Adult male in summer has grey head, rosy forecrown, and chestnut back. Pale underparts are flushed rosy-pink on breast. Note whitish patch on wings, pale sides to tail, and streaked throat. In winter rosy elements of plumage are dull or absent. Adult female has brown back, grey-brown head and streaked pale underparts. Note whitish patch on wings. Juvenile is similar to adult female but more streaked. Voice Utters tetter-tett call. Male’s has a twittering, warbling song. Status Common and widespread. Favours heaths and scrub in summer, waysides and farmland in winter.
    129401.jpg
  • Linnet Linaria cannabina L 13-14cm. Breeding male is colourful but otherwise rather non-descript. Forms flocks outside breeding season. Sexes are dissimilar. Adult male in summer has grey head, rosy forecrown, and chestnut back. Pale underparts are flushed rosy-pink on breast. Note whitish patch on wings, pale sides to tail, and streaked throat. In winter rosy elements of plumage are dull or absent. Adult female has brown back, grey-brown head and streaked pale underparts. Note whitish patch on wings. Juvenile is similar to adult female but more streaked. Voice Utters tetter-tett call. Male’s has a twittering, warbling song. Status Common and widespread. Favours heaths and scrub in summer, waysides and farmland in winter.
    136441.jpg
  • FALSE OAT-GRASS Arrhenatherum elatius Height to 1.5m<br />
Tall, often tufted perennial of disturbed grassland, roadside verges and waysides. FLOWERS are borne in an open inflorescence comprising numerous 2-flowered spikelets, one floral element of which has a long awn (May-Sep). FRUITS are small, dry nutlets. LEAVES are broad and long with a blunt ligule. STATUS-Widespread and common.
    131238.jpg
  • LUNGWORT Pulmonaria officinalis (Boraginaceae) Height to 30cm. Roughly hairy perennial of verges and waysides. FLOWERS are 1cm across, bell-shaped and pink at first, turning blue; in terminal clusters (Feb-May). FRUITS are egg-shaped nutlets. LEAVES are oval and green with white spots; basal ones taper abruptly to winged stalks; stem leaves are unstalked and clasping. STATUS-Naturalised locally.
    130518.jpg
  • Linnet Linaria cannabina L 13-14cm. Breeding male is colourful but otherwise rather non-descript. Forms flocks outside breeding season. Sexes are dissimilar. Adult male in summer has grey head, rosy forecrown, and chestnut back. Pale underparts are flushed rosy-pink on breast. Note whitish patch on wings, pale sides to tail, and streaked throat. In winter rosy elements of plumage are dull or absent. Adult female has brown back, grey-brown head and streaked pale underparts. Note whitish patch on wings. Juvenile is similar to adult female but more streaked. Voice Utters tetter-tett call. Male’s has a twittering, warbling song. Status Common and widespread. Favours heaths and scrub in summer, waysides and farmland in winter.
    155650.jpg
  • Linnet Linaria cannabina L 13-14cm. Breeding male is colourful but otherwise rather non-descript. Forms flocks outside breeding season. Sexes are dissimilar. Adult male in summer has grey head, rosy forecrown, and chestnut back. Pale underparts are flushed rosy-pink on breast. Note whitish patch on wings, pale sides to tail, and streaked throat. In winter rosy elements of plumage are dull or absent. Adult female has brown back, grey-brown head and streaked pale underparts. Note whitish patch on wings. Juvenile is similar to adult female but more streaked. Voice Utters tetter-tett call. Male’s has a twittering, warbling song. Status Common and widespread. Favours heaths and scrub in summer, waysides and farmland in winter.
    136150.jpg
  • Linnet - Linaria cannabina L 13-14cm. Breeding male is colourful but otherwise rather non-descript. Forms flocks outside breeding season. Sexes are dissimilar. Adult male in summer has grey head, rosy forecrown, and chestnut back. Pale underparts are flushed rosy-pink on breast. Note whitish patch on wings, pale sides to tail, and streaked throat. In winter rosy elements of plumage are dull or absent. Adult female has brown back, grey-brown head and streaked pale underparts. Note whitish patch on wings. Juvenile is similar to adult female but more streaked. Voice Utters tetter-tett call. Male’s has a twittering, warbling song. Status Common and widespread. Favours heaths and scrub in summer, waysides and farmland in winter.
    155649.jpg
  • Linnet Linaria cannabina - Female. L 13-14cm. Breeding male is colourful but otherwise rather non-descript. Forms flocks outside breeding season. Sexes are dissimilar. Adult male in summer has grey head, rosy forecrown, and chestnut back. Pale underparts are flushed rosy-pink on breast. Note whitish patch on wings, pale sides to tail, and streaked throat. In winter rosy elements of plumage are dull or absent. Adult female has brown back, grey-brown head and streaked pale underparts. Note whitish patch on wings. Juvenile is similar to adult female but more streaked. Voice Utters tetter-tett call. Male’s has a twittering, warbling song. Status Common and widespread. Favours heaths and scrub in summer, waysides and farmland in winter.
    155165.jpg
  • Blood-vein Timandra comae Wingspan 32mm. A stunning and well-named moth that rests with its wings spread flat. Adult wings have angular margins and are has straw-coloured with a dark red transverse line across the forewings, and a red outer margin to both wings. Double-brooded: flies May-July and August-October. Larva feeds on Common Sorrel, Common Orache and related plants. Locally common in damp waysides.
    133307.jpg
  • Linnet - Linaria cannabina - summer male. L 13-14cm. Breeding male is colourful but otherwise rather non-descript. Forms flocks outside breeding season. Sexes are dissimilar. Adult male in summer has grey head, rosy forecrown, and chestnut back. Pale underparts are flushed rosy-pink on breast. Note whitish patch on wings, pale sides to tail, and streaked throat. In winter rosy elements of plumage are dull or absent. Adult female has brown back, grey-brown head and streaked pale underparts. Note whitish patch on wings. Juvenile is similar to adult female but more streaked. Voice Utters tetter-tett call. Male’s has a twittering, warbling song. Status Common and widespread. Favours heaths and scrub in summer, waysides and farmland in winter.
    156488.jpg
  • Linnet Linaria cannabina L 13-14cm. Breeding male is colourful but otherwise rather non-descript. Forms flocks outside breeding season. Sexes are dissimilar. Adult male in summer has grey head, rosy forecrown, and chestnut back. Pale underparts are flushed rosy-pink on breast. Note whitish patch on wings, pale sides to tail, and streaked throat. In winter rosy elements of plumage are dull or absent. Adult female has brown back, grey-brown head and streaked pale underparts. Note whitish patch on wings. Juvenile is similar to adult female but more streaked. Voice Utters tetter-tett call. Male’s has a twittering, warbling song. Status Common and widespread. Favours heaths and scrub in summer, waysides and farmland in winter.
    136147.jpg
  • Linnet Linaria cannabina L 13-14cm. Breeding male is colourful but otherwise rather non-descript. Forms flocks outside breeding season. Sexes are dissimilar. Adult male in summer has grey head, rosy forecrown, and chestnut back. Pale underparts are flushed rosy-pink on breast. Note whitish patch on wings, pale sides to tail, and streaked throat. In winter rosy elements of plumage are dull or absent. Adult female has brown back, grey-brown head and streaked pale underparts. Note whitish patch on wings. Juvenile is similar to adult female but more streaked. Voice Utters tetter-tett call. Male’s has a twittering, warbling song. Status Common and widespread. Favours heaths and scrub in summer, waysides and farmland in winter.
    143829.jpg
  • Linnet Linaria cannabina L 13-14cm. Breeding male is colourful but otherwise rather non-descript. Forms flocks outside breeding season. Sexes are dissimilar. Adult male in summer has grey head, rosy forecrown, and chestnut back. Pale underparts are flushed rosy-pink on breast. Note whitish patch on wings, pale sides to tail, and streaked throat. In winter rosy elements of plumage are dull or absent. Adult female has brown back, grey-brown head and streaked pale underparts. Note whitish patch on wings. Juvenile is similar to adult female but more streaked. Voice Utters tetter-tett call. Male’s has a twittering, warbling song. Status Common and widespread. Favours heaths and scrub in summer, waysides and farmland in winter.
    157030.jpg
  • Linnet Linaria cannabina. L 13-14cm. Breeding male is colourful but otherwise rather non-descript. Forms flocks outside breeding season. Sexes are dissimilar. Adult male in summer has grey head, rosy forecrown, and chestnut back. Pale underparts are flushed rosy-pink on breast. Note whitish patch on wings, pale sides to tail, and streaked throat. In winter rosy elements of plumage are dull or absent. Adult female has brown back, grey-brown head and streaked pale underparts. Note whitish patch on wings. Juvenile is similar to adult female but more streaked. Voice Utters tetter-tett call. Male’s has a twittering, warbling song. Status Common and widespread. Favours heaths and scrub in summer, waysides and farmland in winter.
    155952.jpg
  • Linnet Linaria cannabina L 13-14cm. Breeding male is colourful but otherwise rather non-descript. Forms flocks outside breeding season. Sexes are dissimilar. Adult male in summer has grey head, rosy forecrown, and chestnut back. Pale underparts are flushed rosy-pink on breast. Note whitish patch on wings, pale sides to tail, and streaked throat. In winter rosy elements of plumage are dull or absent. Adult female has brown back, grey-brown head and streaked pale underparts. Note whitish patch on wings. Juvenile is similar to adult female but more streaked. Voice Utters tetter-tett call. Male’s has a twittering, warbling song. Status Common and widespread. Favours heaths and scrub in summer, waysides and farmland in winter.
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  • Linnet - Linaria cannabina - summer male. L 13-14cm. Breeding male is colourful but otherwise rather non-descript. Forms flocks outside breeding season. Sexes are dissimilar. Adult male in summer has grey head, rosy forecrown, and chestnut back. Pale underparts are flushed rosy-pink on breast. Note whitish patch on wings, pale sides to tail, and streaked throat. In winter rosy elements of plumage are dull or absent. Adult female has brown back, grey-brown head and streaked pale underparts. Note whitish patch on wings. Juvenile is similar to adult female but more streaked. Voice Utters tetter-tett call. Male’s has a twittering, warbling song. Status Common and widespread. Favours heaths and scrub in summer, waysides and farmland in winter.
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  • Linnet Linaria cannabina L 13-14cm. Breeding male is colourful but otherwise rather non-descript. Forms flocks outside breeding season. Sexes are dissimilar. Adult male in summer has grey head, rosy forecrown, and chestnut back. Pale underparts are flushed rosy-pink on breast. Note whitish patch on wings, pale sides to tail, and streaked throat. In winter rosy elements of plumage are dull or absent. Adult female has brown back, grey-brown head and streaked pale underparts. Note whitish patch on wings. Juvenile is similar to adult female but more streaked. Voice Utters tetter-tett call. Male’s has a twittering, warbling song. Status Common and widespread. Favours heaths and scrub in summer, waysides and farmland in winter.
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  • BLACK BINDWEED Fallopia convolvulus (Polygonaceae) Height to 1m. Extremely common, clockwise-twining annual that both trails on the ground and climbs among wayside plants. FLOWERS are greenish and rather dock-like; they are borne in loose spikes that arise from leaf axils (Jul-Oct). FRUITS are nut-like and blackish. LEAVES are arrow-shaped and borne on angular stems. STATUS-Widespread and common.
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  • Peacock Nymphalis io Wingspan 60mm. A colourful and distinctive garden butterfly, also associated with wayside habitats where larval foodplant flourishes. Adult has marbled brown underwings and maroon upperwings with bold eye markings. Flies from July–September; hibernates during winter months and appears again in spring. Larva is spiny and black; feeds on Common Nettle and young stages are gregarious. Common and widespread throughout much of lowland Britain.
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  • Small Tortoiseshell - Nymphalis urticae  Wingspan 42mm. A colourful butterfly associated with waste and wayside areas where larval foodplant flourishes. Fond of basking in the sun, usually on bare ground. Adult has marbled orange, yellow and black upperwings; underwings are grey-brown. Double- or triple-brooded: flies March–October. Also hibernates. Larva is yellow and black and spiny; typically they are gregarious and feed on Common Nettle. Fairly common and widespread but much reduced in numbers in recent years.
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  • Peacock Nymphalis io Wingspan 60mm. A colourful and distinctive garden butterfly, also associated with wayside habitats where larval foodplant flourishes. Adult has marbled brown underwings and maroon upperwings with bold eye markings. Flies from July–September; hibernates during winter months and appears again in spring. Larva is spiny and black; feeds on Common Nettle and young stages are gregarious. Common and widespread throughout much of lowland Britain.
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  • Peacock Nymphalis io Wingspan 60mm. A colourful and distinctive garden butterfly, also associated with wayside habitats where larval foodplant flourishes. Adult has marbled brown underwings and maroon upperwings with bold eye markings. Flies from July–September; hibernates during winter months and appears again in spring. Larva is spiny and black; feeds on Common Nettle and young stages are gregarious. Common and widespread throughout much of lowland Britain.
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  • Small Tortoiseshell Nymphalis urticae  Wingspan 42mm. A colourful butterfly associated with waste and wayside areas where larval foodplant flourishes. Fond of basking in the sun, usually on bare ground. Adult has marbled orange, yellow and black upperwings; underwings are grey-brown. Double- or triple-brooded: flies March–October. Also hibernates. Larva is yellow and black and spiny; typically they are gregarious and feed on Common Nettle. Fairly common and widespread but much reduced in numbers in recent years.
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  • Small Tortoiseshell Nymphalis urticae  Wingspan 42mm. A colourful butterfly associated with waste and wayside areas where larval foodplant flourishes. Fond of basking in the sun, usually on bare ground. Adult has marbled orange, yellow and black upperwings; underwings are grey-brown. Double- or triple-brooded: flies March–October. Also hibernates. Larva is yellow and black and spiny; typically they are gregarious and feed on Common Nettle. Fairly common and widespread but much reduced in numbers in recent years.
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  • Small Tortoiseshell Nymphalis urticae  Wingspan 42mm. A colourful butterfly associated with waste and wayside areas where larval foodplant flourishes. Fond of basking in the sun, usually on bare ground. Adult has marbled orange, yellow and black upperwings; underwings are grey-brown. Double- or triple-brooded: flies March–October. Also hibernates. Larva is yellow and black and spiny; typically they are gregarious and feed on Common Nettle. Fairly common and widespread but much reduced in numbers in recent years.
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  • Peacock Nymphalis io Wingspan 60mm. A colourful and distinctive garden butterfly, also associated with wayside habitats where larval foodplant flourishes. Adult has marbled brown underwings and maroon upperwings with bold eye markings. Flies from July–September; hibernates during winter months and appears again in spring. Larva is spiny and black; feeds on Common Nettle and young stages are gregarious. Common and widespread throughout much of lowland Britain.
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  • Small Tortoiseshell Nymphalis urticae  Wingspan 42mm. A colourful butterfly associated with waste and wayside areas where larval foodplant flourishes. Fond of basking in the sun, usually on bare ground. Adult has marbled orange, yellow and black upperwings; underwings are grey-brown. Double- or triple-brooded: flies March–October. Also hibernates. Larva is yellow and black and spiny; typically they are gregarious and feed on Common Nettle. Fairly common and widespread but much reduced in numbers in recent years.
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  • Small Tortoiseshell Nymphalis urticae  Wingspan 42mm. A colourful butterfly associated with waste and wayside areas where larval foodplant flourishes. Fond of basking in the sun, usually on bare ground. Adult has marbled orange, yellow and black upperwings; underwings are grey-brown. Double- or triple-brooded: flies March–October. Also hibernates. Larva is yellow and black and spiny; typically they are gregarious and feed on Common Nettle. Fairly common and widespread but much reduced in numbers in recent years.
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  • BLACK-BINDWEED Fallopia convolvulus (Polygonaceae) Height to 1m. Extremely common, clockwise-twining annual that both trails on the ground and climbs among wayside plants. FLOWERS are greenish and rather dock-like; they are borne in loose spikes that arise from leaf axils (Jul-Oct). FRUITS are nut-like and blackish. LEAVES are arrow-shaped and borne on angular stems. STATUS-Widespread and common.
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  • BLACK BINDWEED Fallopia convolvulus (Polygonaceae) Height to 1m. Extremely common, clockwise-twining annual that both trails on the ground and climbs among wayside plants. FLOWERS are greenish and rather dock-like; they are borne in loose spikes that arise from leaf axils (Jul-Oct). FRUITS are nut-like and blackish. LEAVES are arrow-shaped and borne on angular stems. STATUS-Widespread and common.
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  • Mother of Pearl Pleuroptya ruralis Wingspan 25-38mm. A distinctive moth that sometimes is found resting on wayside vegetation in daytime. Adult has buffish wings with dark lines and veins, and mother-of-pearl lustre. Flies June-Aug. Larva feeds in rolled-up leaf of Common Nettle. Widespread and common throughout much of Britain.
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  • Peacock Nymphalis io Wingspan 60mm. A colourful and distinctive garden butterfly, also associated with wayside habitats where larval foodplant flourishes. Adult has marbled brown underwings and maroon upperwings with bold eye markings. Flies from July–September; hibernates during winter months and appears again in spring. Larva is spiny and black; feeds on Common Nettle and young stages are gregarious. Common and widespread throughout much of lowland Britain.
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  • Peacock Nymphalis io Wingspan 60mm. A colourful and distinctive garden butterfly, also associated with wayside habitats where larval foodplant flourishes. Adult has marbled brown underwings and maroon upperwings with bold eye markings. Flies from July–September; hibernates during winter months and appears again in spring. Larva is spiny and black; feeds on Common Nettle and young stages are gregarious. Common and widespread throughout much of lowland Britain.
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  • Peacock Nymphalis io Wingspan 60mm. A colourful and distinctive garden butterfly, also associated with wayside habitats where larval foodplant flourishes. Adult has marbled brown underwings and maroon upperwings with bold eye markings. Flies from July–September; hibernates during winter months and appears again in spring. Larva is spiny and black; feeds on Common Nettle and young stages are gregarious. Common and widespread throughout much of lowland Britain.
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  • Peacock Nymphalis io Wingspan 60mm. A colourful and distinctive garden butterfly, also associated with wayside habitats where larval foodplant flourishes. Adult has marbled brown underwings and maroon upperwings with bold eye markings. Flies from July–September; hibernates during winter months and appears again in spring. Larva is spiny and black; feeds on Common Nettle and young stages are gregarious. Common and widespread throughout much of lowland Britain.
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  • Peacock Nymphalis io Wingspan 60mm. A colourful and distinctive garden butterfly, also associated with wayside habitats where larval foodplant flourishes. Adult has marbled brown underwings and maroon upperwings with bold eye markings. Flies from July–September; hibernates during winter months and appears again in spring. Larva is spiny and black; feeds on Common Nettle and young stages are gregarious. Common and widespread throughout much of lowland Britain.
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  • Small Tortoiseshell Nymphalis urticae  Wingspan 42mm. A colourful butterfly associated with waste and wayside areas where larval foodplant flourishes. Fond of basking in the sun, usually on bare ground. Adult has marbled orange, yellow and black upperwings; underwings are grey-brown. Double- or triple-brooded: flies March–October. Also hibernates. Larva is yellow and black and spiny; typically they are gregarious and feed on Common Nettle. Fairly common and widespread but much reduced in numbers in recent years.
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  • BLACK BINDWEED Fallopia convolvulus (Polygonaceae) Height to 1m. Extremely common, clockwise-twining annual that both trails on the ground and climbs among wayside plants. FLOWERS are greenish and rather dock-like; they are borne in loose spikes that arise from leaf axils (Jul-Oct). FRUITS are nut-like and blackish. LEAVES are arrow-shaped and borne on angular stems. STATUS-Widespread and common.
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  • WINTER HELIOTROPE Petasites fragrans (Asteraceae) Height to 20cm. Creeping and patch-forming perennial that grows in damp or shady wayside places and hedgerows. FLOWERS are vanilla-scented and borne in pinkish lilac heads, 10-12mm across; these are carried in spikes, 20-25cm long (Dec-Mar). FRUITS are achenes. LEAVES are rounded, 20cm across, long-stalked and present all year. STATUS-Introduced as a garden plant but now widely naturalised throughout the region.
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  • Peacock Nymphalis io Wingspan 60mm. A colourful and distinctive garden butterfly, also associated with wayside habitats where larval foodplant flourishes. Adult has marbled brown underwings and maroon upperwings with bold eye markings. Flies from July–September; hibernates during winter months and appears again in spring. Larva is spiny and black; feeds on Common Nettle and young stages are gregarious. Common and widespread throughout much of lowland Britain.
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  • Peacock Nymphalis io Wingspan 60mm. A colourful and distinctive garden butterfly, also associated with wayside habitats where larval foodplant flourishes. Adult has marbled brown underwings and maroon upperwings with bold eye markings. Flies from July–September; hibernates during winter months and appears again in spring. Larva is spiny and black; feeds on Common Nettle and young stages are gregarious. Common and widespread throughout much of lowland Britain.
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  • Peacock Nymphalis io Wingspan 60mm. A colourful and distinctive garden butterfly, also associated with wayside habitats where larval foodplant flourishes. Adult has marbled brown underwings and maroon upperwings with bold eye markings. Flies from July–September; hibernates during winter months and appears again in spring. Larva is spiny and black; feeds on Common Nettle and young stages are gregarious. Common and widespread throughout much of lowland Britain.
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  • Small Tortoiseshell Nymphalis urticae  Wingspan 42mm. A colourful butterfly associated with waste and wayside areas where larval foodplant flourishes. Fond of basking in the sun, usually on bare ground. Adult has marbled orange, yellow and black upperwings; underwings are grey-brown. Double- or triple-brooded: flies March–October. Also hibernates. Larva is yellow and black and spiny; typically they are gregarious and feed on Common Nettle. Fairly common and widespread but much reduced in numbers in recent years.
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  • Small Tortoiseshell Nymphalis urticae  Wingspan 42mm. A colourful butterfly associated with waste and wayside areas where larval foodplant flourishes. Fond of basking in the sun, usually on bare ground. Adult has marbled orange, yellow and black upperwings; underwings are grey-brown. Double- or triple-brooded: flies March–October. Also hibernates. Larva is yellow and black and spiny; typically they are gregarious and feed on Common Nettle. Fairly common and widespread but much reduced in numbers in recent years.
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  • Peacock Nymphalis io Wingspan 60mm. A colourful and distinctive garden butterfly, also associated with wayside habitats where larval foodplant flourishes. Adult has marbled brown underwings and maroon upperwings with bold eye markings. Flies from July–September; hibernates during winter months and appears again in spring. Larva is spiny and black; feeds on Common Nettle and young stages are gregarious. Common and widespread throughout much of lowland Britain.
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  • Peacock Nymphalis io Wingspan 60mm. A colourful and distinctive garden butterfly, also associated with wayside habitats where larval foodplant flourishes. Adult has marbled brown underwings and maroon upperwings with bold eye markings. Flies from July–September; hibernates during winter months and appears again in spring. Larva is spiny and black; feeds on Common Nettle and young stages are gregarious. Common and widespread throughout much of lowland Britain.
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  • Small Tortoiseshell Nymphalis urticae  Wingspan 42mm. A colourful butterfly associated with waste and wayside areas where larval foodplant flourishes. Fond of basking in the sun, usually on bare ground. Adult has marbled orange, yellow and black upperwings; underwings are grey-brown. Double- or triple-brooded: flies March–October. Also hibernates. Larva is yellow and black and spiny; typically they are gregarious and feed on Common Nettle. Fairly common and widespread but much reduced in numbers in recent years.
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  • Peacock Nymphalis io Wingspan 60mm. A colourful and distinctive garden butterfly, also associated with wayside habitats where larval foodplant flourishes. Adult has marbled brown underwings and maroon upperwings with bold eye markings. Flies from July–September; hibernates during winter months and appears again in spring. Larva is spiny and black; feeds on Common Nettle and young stages are gregarious. Common and widespread throughout much of lowland Britain.
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  • Small Tortoiseshell Nymphalis urticae  Wingspan 42mm. A colourful butterfly associated with waste and wayside areas where larval foodplant flourishes. Fond of basking in the sun, usually on bare ground. Adult has marbled orange, yellow and black upperwings; underwings are grey-brown. Double- or triple-brooded: flies March–October. Also hibernates. Larva is yellow and black and spiny; typically they are gregarious and feed on Common Nettle. Fairly common and widespread but much reduced in numbers in recent years.Comma Polygonia c-album Wingspan 45mm. Unmistakable butterfly with ragged-edged wing margins. Adult has orange-brown upperwings marked with dark spots; grey-brown underwings show a white ‘comma’ mark. Double-brooded and hibernates: seen on the wing March–April, and again August-October. Larva has tufts of spiny hairs and is orange-brown with a white dorsal band; feeds on Common Nettle, elms and Hop. Locally fairly common in England and Wales.
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