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  • PURPLE GROMWELL Lithospermum purpureocaeruleum (Boraginaceae) Height to 20cm. Downy and unbranched perennial with creeping stems that root at the tip and upright flowering stems. Grows in woodland and scrub on calcareous soils. FLOWERS are 12-15mm across, funnel-shaped and pink at first, soon turning deep blue; borne in terminal clusters (Apr-Jun). FRUITS are shiny, white nutlets. LEAVES are narrow lanceolate, dark green and pointed. STATUS-Local and scarce in S England and Wales only.
    134106.jpg
  • OXTONGUE BROOMRAPE Orobanche artemisiae-campestris (Orobanchaceae) Height to 60cm. Upright, unbranched annual that usually has a purplish-tinged stem. Whole plant lacks chlorophyll and is entirely parasitic on the roots of Hawkweed Oxtongue Picris hieracioides. Found in calcareous grassland and on sea cliffs. FLOWERS are 15-20mm long, the corolla pinkish yellow with purple veins, tubular with smoothly curved dorsal surface, and 2-lipped; filmaents are hairy at base. Flowers borne in open, upright spikes (Jun-Jul). FRUITS are egg-shaped capsules, concealed by the dead flowers. LEAVES are scale-like. STATUS-Very rare. S England only, from cliffs in Kent and Sussex, to Isle of Wight.
    140026.jpg
  • COMMON BROOMRAPE Orobanche minor (Orobanchaceae) Height to 40cm. Upright, unbranched annual that usually has a purplish-tinged stem. Whole plant lacks chlorophyll and is entirely parasitic on the roots of Pea family members, notably clovers, and other herbaceous plants. Found in grassy places and scrub, and on verges. FLOWERS are 10-18mm long, the corolla pinkish yellow with purple veins, tubular with smoothly curved dorsal surface, and 2-lipped; in open, upright spikes (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are egg-shaped capsules, concealed by the dead flowers. LEAVES are scale-like. STATUS-Locally common in central and S England, Wales and S Ireland.
    131130.jpg
  • OXTONGUE BROOMRAPE Orobanche artemisiae-campestris (Orobanchaceae) Height to 60cm. Upright, unbranched annual that usually has a purplish-tinged stem. Whole plant lacks chlorophyll and is entirely parasitic on the roots of Hawkweed Oxtongue Picris hieracioides. Found in calcareous grassland and on sea cliffs. FLOWERS are 15-20mm long, the corolla pinkish yellow with purple veins, tubular with smoothly curved dorsal surface, and 2-lipped; filmaents are hairy at base. Flowers borne in open, upright spikes (Jun-Jul). FRUITS are egg-shaped capsules, concealed by the dead flowers. LEAVES are scale-like. STATUS-Very rare. S England only, from cliffs in Kent and Sussex, to Isle of Wight.
    140025.jpg
  • WATER DOCK Rumex hydrolapathum (Polygonaceae) Height to 2m. Large, unbranched perennial, associated with damp habitats such as ditches, river banks, canals and marshes. FLOWERS are borne in tall, dense spikes (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are triangular, with few small teeth and 3 tubercles. LEAVES are oval, up to 1m long and taper at base. STATUS-Widespread but absent from N; commonest in S and E England.
    131931.jpg
  • ALPINE BISTORT Persicaria vivipara (Polygonaceae) Height to 30cm. Upright, unbranched perennial of upland and northern grassland. FLOWERS are borne in terminal spikes; upper ones are pale pink, lower ones are reddish brown bulbils (a means of vegetative reproduction) (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are nut-like. LEAVES are narrow and grass-like, the margins inrolled. STATUS-Locally common from N Wales northwards.
    131770.jpg
  • YELLOW BARTSIA Parentucellia viscosa (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 40cm. Stickily-hairy, unbranched annual that is semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grow in damp, grassy places, mostly near the sea and often in dune slacks<br />
FLOWERS are 15-35mm long, the corolla bright yellow and 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-lobed; in leafy spikes (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are lanceolate and unstalked. STATUS-Very locally common near coasts of S and SW England and W Ireland.
    131153.jpg
  • BETONY Stachys officinalis (Lamiaceae) Height to 50cm<br />
Upright, unbranched and downy or hairless perennial. Grows along woodland rides and in grassy waysides and hedgerows, typically on sandy or chalky soils. FLOWERS are 12-18mm long and reddish purple; borne in showy, dense and terminal heads, reminiscent of marsh-orchid spikes (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are nutlets. LEAVES are stalked and oblong, typically heart-shaped at the base but narrower up the stem. STATUS-Widespread and fairly common in England and Wales but scarce or absent elsewhere.
    131584.jpg
  • MOTHERWORT Leonurus cardiaca (Lamiaceae) Height to 1m<br />
Upright, unbranched and variably downy perennial with a pungent smell and historical association with midwifery. Grows on verges and in shady hedgerows and waste ground, usually close to habitation. FLOWERS are 10-15mm long and pink of white, the upper lip being hairy; borne in whorls with striking calyx teeth (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are nutlets. LEAVES are long-stalked; upper ones are deeply palmately lobed while upper ones are toothed. STATUS-Naturalised in a few, scattered locations across the region.
    131411.jpg
  • MELANCHOLY THISTLE Cirsium heterophyllum (Asteraceae) Height to 1m. Upright and unbranched perennial with stems that are grooved, cottony, spineless and unwinged. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 3-5cm across, with reddish purple florets; heads usually solitary or in small clusters (Jun-Aug). FRUITS have feathery pappus hairs. LEAVES are oval, toothed and barely spiny, green and hairless above but coated with white felt underneath. STATUS-Locally common only in N England and Scotland.
    131072.jpg
  • BIRTHWORT Aristolochia clematis (Aristolochiaceae) Height to 80cm. Upright, unbranched perennial of scrubby places. FLOWERS are yellow, tubular, 20-30mm long, foetid-smelling, the swollen base trapping pollinating insects; borne in clusters (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are green and pear-shaped. LEAVES are heart-shaped and strongly veined. STATUS-Rare and declining; a relict of cultivation for midwifery.
    132175.jpg
  • COMMON VALERIAN Valeriana officinalis (Valerianaceae) * Height to 1.5m. Upright, usually unbranched perennial. Grows in grassy, wayside places, beside rivers and in woodland; favours both dry and damp soil, growing tallest in latter situation. FLOWERS are 3-5mm long, the corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed and pale pink; borne in dense, terminal umbels (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are oblong with a feathery pappus. LEAVES are lanceolate, toothed and in opposite pairs. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
    131166.jpg
  • ALPINE BARTSIA Bartsia alpina (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 25cm. Upright, downy and unbranched perennial; semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grows in damp grassland on upland, limestone soils. FLOWERS are 15-20mm long, the corolla purple and 2-lipped (upper longer than lower); in spikes (Jul-Aug). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are oval, unstalked and untoothed, the upper ones tinged purple. STATUS-Rare, restricted to a few sites in N England and the Scottish Highlands.
    131759.jpg
  • COMMON VALERIAN Valeriana officinalis (Valerianaceae) Height to 1.5m. Upright, usually unbranched perennial. Grows in grassy, wayside places, beside rivers and in woodland; favours both dry and damp soil, growing tallest in latter situation. FLOWERS are 3-5mm long, the corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed and pale pink; borne in dense, terminal umbels (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are oblong with a feathery pappus. LEAVES are lanceolate, toothed and in opposite pairs. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
    131342.jpg
  • YARROW (PURPLE) BROOMRAPE Orobanche purpurea (Orobanchaceae) Height to 30cm. Upright, unbranched purplish-tinged annual. Whole plant lacks chlorophyll and is entirely parasitic on the roots of Yarrow Achillea millefolium. Found in dry grassland and in coastal grassland. FLOWERS are 20-30mm long, the corolla pinkish-purple with darker veins. Stigmas are white. Flowers borne in open, upright spikes (Jun-Jul). FRUITS are egg-shaped capsules, concealed by the dead flowers. LEAVES are scale-like. STATUS-Very rare. Scattered, from Norfolk to Isle of Wight.
    140030.jpg
  • COMMON BROOMRAPE Orobanche minor (Orobanchaceae) Height to 40cm. Upright, unbranched annual that usually has a purplish-tinged stem. Whole plant lacks chlorophyll and is entirely parasitic on the roots of Pea family members, notably clovers, and other herbaceous plants. Found in grassy places and scrub, and on verges. FLOWERS are 10-18mm long, the corolla pinkish yellow with purple veins, tubular with smoothly curved dorsal surface, and 2-lipped; in open, upright spikes (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are egg-shaped capsules, concealed by the dead flowers. LEAVES are scale-like. STATUS-Locally common in central and S England, Wales and S Ireland.
    131131.jpg
  • WILD BASIL Clinopodium vulgare (Lamiaceae) Height to 35cm<br />
Upright, hairy and usually unbranched perennial that grows in dry, grassy places, mostly on chalk or limestone soils. The whole plant is pleasantly aromatic. FLOWERS are 15-22mm long and pinkish purple; borne in whorls that have bristly, purple bracts that are coated in woolly hairs and arise from axils of the upper leaves (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are nutlets. LEAVES are ovate, toothed and stalked. STATUS-Locally common in S and E England but scarce or absent elsewhere in the region.
    131792.jpg
  • WILD BASIL Clinopodium vulgare (Lamiaceae) Height to 35cm<br />
Upright, hairy and usually unbranched perennial that grows in dry, grassy places, mostly on chalk or limestone soils. The whole plant is pleasantly aromatic. FLOWERS are 15-22mm long and pinkish purple; borne in whorls that have bristly, purple bracts that are coated in woolly hairs and arise from axils of the upper leaves (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are nutlets. LEAVES are ovate, toothed and stalked. STATUS-Locally common in S and E England but scarce or absent elsewhere in the region.
    131787.jpg
  • HAIRY STONECROP Sedum villosum (Crassulaceae) Height to 15cm. Upright, unbranched biennial or perennial of damp, stony ground and stream margins. FLOWERS are 6-8mm across, pink and stalked; upright (not drooping) in bud (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are dry and splitting. LEAVES are fleshy, flat above and covered in sticky hairs; arranged spirally up stems. STATUS-Local from N England to central Scotland.
    131736.jpg
  • MOTHERWORT Leonurus cardiaca (Lamiaceae) Height to 1m<br />
Upright, unbranched and variably downy perennial with a pungent smell and historical association with midwifery. Grows on verges and in shady hedgerows and waste ground, usually close to habitation. FLOWERS are 10-15mm long and pink of white, the upper lip being hairy; borne in whorls with striking calyx teeth (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are nutlets. LEAVES are long-stalked; upper ones are deeply palmately lobed while upper ones are toothed. STATUS-Naturalised in a few, scattered locations across the region.
    131415.jpg
  • BETONY Stachys officinalis (Lamiaceae) Height to 50cm<br />
Upright, unbranched and downy or hairless perennial. Grows along woodland rides and in grassy waysides and hedgerows, typically on sandy or chalky soils. FLOWERS are 12-18mm long and reddish purple; borne in showy, dense and terminal heads, reminiscent of marsh-orchid spikes (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are nutlets. LEAVES are stalked and oblong, typically heart-shaped at the base but narrower up the stem. STATUS-Widespread and fairly common in England and Wales but scarce or absent elsewhere.
    131582.jpg
  • WOOD SPURGE Euphorbia amygdaloides (Euphorbiaceae) Height to 80cm. Upright, downy and unbranched perennial. Found in woodland and scrub. FLOWERS are yellow with petal-like bracts (true petals and sepals are absent); borne in umbel-like heads (Apr-Jun). FRUITS are smooth. LEAVES are dark green and 6cm long. STATUS-Locally common in S England and Wales; rare or absent elsewhere.
    130828.jpg
  • Wood Spurge - Euphorbia amygdaloides
    164096.jpg
  • Alpine Bartsia - Bartsia alpina
    162785.jpg
  • Wood Spurge - Euphorbia amygdaloides
    164095.jpg
  • Wild Basil - Clinopodium vulgare
    159359.jpg
  • YARROW Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae) on Lundy Island, Devon. Height to 50cm. Upright, downy perennial with creeping stems and upright, unbranched and furrowed flowering stalks. The whole plant is strongly aromatic. Grows in meadows, verges and hedgerows, and on waste ground. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 4-6mm across, comprising yellowish disc florets and pinkish white ray florets; the heads are arranged in flat-topped clusters (Jun-Nov). FRUITS are achenes. LEAVES are dark green, finely divided and feathery. STATUS-Widespread and common throughout the region.
    156569.jpg
  • WHITE BRYONY Bryonia dioica (Cucurbitaceae) H to 4m<br />
Climbing perennial whose progress is aided by long, unbranched tendrils. Found in hedges and woodland margins. FLOWERS are greenish, 5-parted and borne on separate-sex plants; arise from leaf axils (May-Aug). FRUITS are red, shiny berries. LEAVES are 4-7cm across and divided into 5 lobes. STATUS-Common in England; scarce elsewhere.
    129869.jpg
  • MUSK THISTLE Carduus nutans (Asteraceae) Height to 1m<br />
Upright and elegant biennial. The stems are cottony, mainly with spiny wings although stalks below flowers are spine-free. Grows in dry, grassy areas including verges and dunes. FLOWERS are carried in rayless heads, 3-5cm across, with reddish purple florets and purplish, spiny bracts; heads are solitary and nodding (Jun-Aug). FRUITS have unbranched hairs. LEAVES are pinnately lobed and spiny. STATUS-Locally common only in England and Wales; scarce or absent elsewhere.
    131097.jpg
  • WEASEL’S-SNOUT Misopates orontium (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 25cm. Attractive and distinctive, downy and usually unbranched annual. Grows in arable fields and on disturbed ground, usually favouring sandy soils. FLOWERS are 10-15mm long and pinkish purple, toadflax-like in shape but without a spur; they arise from leaf axils towards the top of the stem (Jul-Oct). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are narrow and linear. STATUS-Scarce and declining, found mainly in S and E England.
    135496.jpg
  • WHITE BRYONY Bryonia dioica (Cucurbitaceae) Height to 4m<br />
Climbing perennial whose progress is aided by long, unbranched tendrils. Found in hedges and woodland margins. FLOWERS are greenish, 5-parted and borne on separate-sex plants; arise from leaf axils (May-Aug). FRUITS are red, shiny berries. LEAVES are 4-7cm across and divided into 5 lobes. STATUS-Common in England; scarce elsewhere.
    131374.jpg
  • SLENDER THISTLE Carduus tenuiflorus (Asteraceae) Height to 1m. Upright, greyish biennial. Similar to Welted Thistle but stems are spiny-winged right up to the flower heads and extremely cottony. Grows in dry grassland, often near the sea. FLOWERS are borne in egg-shaped heads, 5-10mm across, with pinkish red florets; in dense, terminal clusters (Jun-Aug). FRUITS have unbranched hairs. LEAVES are pinnate, spiny and cottony below. STATUS-Locally common around coasts, except N.
    131191.jpg
  • EYEBRIGHT Euphrasia officinalis agg. (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 25cm. Branched or unbranched annual, semi-parasitic on roots of other plants and sometimes tinged reddish. The plant’s appearance is extremely variable and 30 or so species are recognised. However, an expert eye and considerable experience is needed to discern the differences. Given the limited space available in this book, here all Eyebrights are considered as a single aggregate species. Grows in undisturbed grassy places. FLOWERS are 5-10mm long (depending on the ‘species’ involved), the corolla 2-lipped (the lower lip 3-lobed) and whitish (sometimes tinged pink) with purple veins and a yellow throat; borne in leafy spikes (May-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are oval but sharply toothed, sometimes tinged bronze. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
    143275.jpg
  • UMBELLATE HAWKWEED Hieracium umbellatum (Asteraceae) Height to 80cm. Upright, variable perennial. Stems produce a milky latex when broken and are hairy towards the base. Grows in grassy places, usually on rocky slopes or banks; often coastal. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 2-3cm across, with yellow florets; carried on hairy stalks, in umbellate clusters (Jul-Sep). FRUITS have unbranched hairs. LEAVES are ovate, toothed and unstalked; there is no basal rosette. STATUS-Locally common in SW England and W Wales; scattered and generally scarce elsewhere.
    144211.jpg
  • COMMON HAWKWEED Hieracium vulgatum (Asteraceae) Height to 80cm. Upright, variable perennial. Stems produce a milky latex when broken and are hairy towards the base. Grows in grassy places, along woodland rides, on verges and banks, and on heaths. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 2-3cm across, with yellow florets; carried on hairy stalks, in clusters (Jul-Sep). FRUITS have unbranched hairs. LEAVES are ovate, toothed; basal leaves are stalked and form a rosette; stem leaves are unstalked. STATUS-Widespread and fairly common in N Britain; scarce or absent in S.
    131838.jpg
  • PRICKLY LETTUCE Lactuca serriola (Asteraceae) Height to 1.75m. Upright and stiff biennial, the upper part of which is branched. Broken stems exude a milky sap. Grows on disturbed and waste ground, verges and railways. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 11-13mm across, with yellow florets; carried in open, branched inflorescences (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are brown with unbranched pappus hairs. LEAVES are grey-green and held stiffly erect with pointed clasping bases; margins and lower midrib have weak spine; lower leaves may have narrow lobes. STATUS-Common only in S.
    131034.jpg
  • FAIRY FOXGLOVE Erinus alpinus (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 30cm. Charming and hairy perennial that is tufted but unbranched. Grows on rocky banks and old stone walls. FLOWERS are 10-15mm across, the corolla pinkish purple with 5 lobes; borne in elongated, terminal spikes (May-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are narrow-ovate, toothed and appear mainly as a basal rosette. STATUS-A familiar garden rockery plant that is naturalised locally in N England and Scotland.
    129874.jpg
  • MARSH WOUNDWORT Stachys palustris (Lamiaceae) Height to 1m. Robust, non-smelling perennial with creeping stems and unbranched flowering stalks. Grows in damp ground in marshes, and beside ditches and rivers; occasionally found along the margins of damp arable field. FLOWERS are 12-15mm long and pinkish purple with white markings; borne in elegant, open spikes (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are nutlets. LEAVES are toothed, narrow-oblong, often heart-shaped at the base and mostly unstalked. STATUS-Widespread and locally common throughout the region.
    131711.jpg
  • DARK MULLEIN Verbascum nigrum (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 1m. Upright and ridge-stemmed biennial; stems purplish and usually unbranched. Grows on roadside verges and disturbed ground, on calcareous and sandy soils. FLOWERS are 1-2cm across and yellow, the stamens coated in purple hairs; borne in elongated spikes (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are dark green and oval, lower ones long-stalked, upper ones almost unstalked. STATUS-Locally common in S and E England only.
    131603.jpg
  • ITALIAN RYE-GRASS Lolium multiflorum (Poaceae) Height to 90cm. Tufted annual or biennial with rough stems and leaves. Commonly cultivated on farmland to provide grazing for livestock. FLOWERS are borne in unbranched heads, the spikelets brown with long awns (May-Aug). FRUITS are small, dry nutlets. LEAVES are often rolled when young. STATUS-Widespread and common, except in N.
    131278.jpg
  • FOX-AND-CUBS Pilosella aurantiaca (Asteraceae) Height to 40cm. Variable and spreading perennial, similar in many respects to Mouse-ear Hawkweed, except for the flower colour. Note that the stems are leafy and coated in blackish hairs. Grows in grassy places, and on verges and banks. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 2-3cm across, with reddish orange florets; carried in clusters (Jun-Jul). FRUITS have unbranched hairs. LEAVES are lanceolate, hairy and arranged in a basal rosette. STATUS-Introduced and familiar as a garden but widely naturalised as well.
    129685.jpg
  • Climbing perennial whose progress is aided by long, unbranched tendrils. Found in hedges and woodland margins. FLOWERS are greenish, 5-parted and borne on separate-sex plants; arise from leaf axils (May-Aug). FRUITS are red, shiny berries. LEAVES are 4-7cm across and divided into 5 lobes.
    101438.jpg
  • YARROW Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae) Height to 50cm<br />
Upright, downy perennial with creeping stems and upright, unbranched and furrowed flowering stalks. The whole plant is strongly aromatic. Grows in meadows, verges and hedgerows, and on waste ground. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 4-6mm across, comprising yellowish disc florets and pinkish white ray florets; the heads are arranged in flat-topped clusters (Jun-Nov). FRUITS are achenes. LEAVES are dark green, finely divided and feathery. STATUS-Widespread and common throughout the region.
    144620.jpg
  • FIELD FLEAWORT Tephroseris integrifolia (Asteraceae) Height to 65cm. Slender, unbranched and downy perennial. Grows in calcareous grassland. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 15-25mm across, with orange-yellow disc florets and yellow ray florets; in few-flowered clusters (May-Jul). FRUITS are hairy. LEAVES are oval and toothed at the base, forming a rosette; stem leaves are few, narrow and clasping. STATUS-Local, mainly in S and E England.
    134168.jpg
  • SAW-WORT Serratula tinctoria (Asteraceae) Height to 75cm<br />
Slender, hairless and spineless perennial with grooved and rather stiff stems. Grows in damp meadows and along woodland rides. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 15-20mm long, that comprise pinkish purple florets and close-pressed purplish bracts; heads are carried in open, terminal clusters (Jul-Oct). FRUITS have unbranched pappus hairs. LEAVES vary from undivided to deeply lobed, but the edges are always saw-toothed. STATUS-Locally common only in SW England; scarce or absent elsewhere.
    132078.jpg
  • COMMON COUCH Elymus repens Height to 1.2m<br />
Tough, creeping perennial that grows in cultivated and disturbed ground. FLOWERS are borne in a stiff, unbranched inflorescence with many-flowered, yellowish green spikelets arranged alternately (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are small, dry nutlets. LEAVES are flat, green and downy above. STATUS-Widespread and common.
    131383.jpg
  • WELTED THISTLE Carduus crispus (Asteraceae) Height to 1.3m. Upright and much-branched biennial with cottony stems that have spiny wings along almost their entire length, except just below the flower heads. Grows in grassland, scrub, verges and open woodland. FLOWERS are borne in cylindrical or egg-shaped heads, 2-3cm long, with reddish purple florets and woolly green bracts; heads are carried in clusters (Jun-Aug). FRUITS have unbranched hairs. LEAVES are oblong, deeply pinnate, 3-lobed and spiny at base of plant; upper leaves are narrower and stalkless. STATUS-Widespread and common throughout, except in Ireland and N Scotland.
    131371.jpg
  • EYEBRIGHT Euphrasia officinalis agg. (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 25cm. Branched or unbranched annual, semi-parasitic on roots of other plants and sometimes tinged reddish. The plant’s appearance is extremely variable and 30 or so species are recognised. However, an expert eye and considerable experience is needed to discern the differences. Given the limited space available in this book, here all Eyebrights are considered as a single aggregate species. Grows in undisturbed grassy places. FLOWERS are 5-10mm long (depending on the ‘species’ involved), the corolla 2-lipped (the lower lip 3-lobed) and whitish (sometimes tinged pink) with purple veins and a yellow throat; borne in leafy spikes (May-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are oval but sharply toothed, sometimes tinged bronze. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
    144488.jpg
  • WEASEL’S-SNOUT Misopates orontium (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 25cm. Attractive and distinctive, downy and usually unbranched annual. Grows in arable fields and on disturbed ground, usually favouring sandy soils. FLOWERS are 10-15mm long and pinkish purple, toadflax-like in shape but without a spur; they arise from leaf axils towards the top of the stem (Jul-Oct). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are narrow and linear. STATUS-Scarce and declining, found mainly in S and E England.
    135495.jpg
  • ROUGH HAWK’S-BEARD Crepis biennis (Asteraceae) Height to 1.2m. Branched biennial; stems roughly hairy and purplish towards base. Grows in grassland. FLOWERS in heads, 25-30mm across, with yellow florets, and 2 rows of bracts, outer ones unequal and spreading (Jun-Sep). FRUITS have a pappus of unbranched hairs. LEAVES are pinnate, upper ones without clasping arrow-shaped bases. STATUS-Locally common.
    131081.jpg
  • SNEEZEWORT Achillea ptarmica (Asteraceae) Height to 60cm<br />
Upright and branched or unbranched perennial with stiff, angular stems, the upper parts of which are downy. Grows in damp situations in meadows, and woodland rides and clearings, almost always on acid soils. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 1-2cm across, comprising greenish yellow disc florets and white ray florets; heads are carried in open clusters (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are achenes. LEAVES are narrow, undivided, untoothed and stalkless. STATUS-Locally common throughout the region.
    130044.jpg
  • Yarrow - Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae) Height to 50cm<br />
Upright, downy perennial with creeping stems and upright, unbranched and furrowed flowering stalks. The whole plant is strongly aromatic. Grows in meadows, verges and hedgerows, and on waste ground. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 4-6mm across, comprising yellowish disc florets and pinkish white ray florets; the heads are arranged in flat-topped clusters (Jun-Nov). FRUITS are achenes. LEAVES are dark green, finely divided and feathery.
    156546.jpg
  • SEA BARLEY Hordeum marinum. Height to 5cm<br />
Tufted, blue-green annual of bare ground and dry, grassy places near the sea. FLOWERS are borne in long, unbranched spikes, 7-8cm long, the spikelets in 3s, with stiff, spreading awns (Jul-Aug); flowering stems are prostrate at base. FRUITS are small, dry nutlets. LEAVES are 4-5mm wide. STATUS-Local and exclusively coastal.
    141508.jpg
  • PURPLE GROMWELL Lithospermum purpureocaeruleum (Boraginaceae) Height to 20cm. Downy and unbranched perennial with creeping stems that root at the tip and upright flowering stems. Grows in woodland and scrub on calcareous soils. FLOWERS are 12-15mm across, funnel-shaped and pink at first, soon turning deep blue; borne in terminal clusters (Apr-Jun). FRUITS are shiny, white nutlets. LEAVES are narrow lanceolate, dark green and pointed. STATUS-Local and scarce in S England and Wales only.
    137762.jpg
  • SAW-WORT Serratula tinctoria (Asteraceae) Height to 75cm<br />
Slender, hairless and spineless perennial with grooved and rather stiff stems. Grows in damp meadows and along woodland rides. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 15-20mm long, that comprise pinkish purple florets and close-pressed purplish bracts; heads are carried in open, terminal clusters (Jul-Oct). FRUITS have unbranched pappus hairs. LEAVES vary from undivided to deeply lobed, but the edges are always saw-toothed. STATUS-Locally common only in SW England; scarce or absent elsewhere.
    132077.jpg
  • WALL LETTUCE Mycelis muralis (Asteraceae) Height to 1m<br />
Upright and hairless perennial. Stems are often purple tinged and exude a milky sap when broken. Grows on shady banks and wall, usually on chalky soils. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 7-10mm across, with 5 yellow ray florets; heads are carried in open clusters (Jun-Sep). FRUITS have unbranched hairs. LEAVES are pinnate, the end lobe triangular; upper leaves are clasping. STATUS-Widespread but only locally common.
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  • PRICKLY LETTUCE Lactuca serriola (Asteraceae) Height to 1.75m. Upright and stiff biennial, the upper part of which is branched. Broken stems exude a milky sap. Grows on disturbed and waste ground, verges and railways. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 11-13mm across, with yellow florets; carried in open, branched inflorescences (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are brown with unbranched pappus hairs. LEAVES are grey-green and held stiffly erect with pointed clasping bases; margins and lower midrib have weak spine; lower leaves may have narrow lobes. STATUS-Common only in S.
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  • COTTON THISTLE Onopordum acanthium (Asteraceae) Height to 2.5m. Tall biennial with strongly winged stems armed with spines and coated in cottony down. Grows on waste and disturbed ground, and on verges. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 30-35mm across, with reddish purple florets and a globular base covered in spine-tipped bracts; in clusters (Jul-Sep). FRUITS have unbranched pappus hairs. LEAVES are oblong with wavy, spiny lobes; cottony on both surfaces. STATUS-Possibly introduced; now widespread and local in S and E England but scarce or absent elsewhere.
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  • SMOOTH HAWK’S-BEARD Crepis capillaris (Asteraceae) Height to 80cm. Hairless and branched annual or biennial of dry, grassy places. FLOWERS in heads, 15-25mm across, with yellow florets and 2 rows of bracts, the outer ones spreading; heads in branched clusters (Jun-Oct). FRUITS have a pappus of unbranched hairs. LEAVES are pinnate, upper ones with clasping arrow-shaped bases. STATUS-Common.
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  • COMMON HAWKWEED Hieracium vulgatum (Asteraceae) Height to 80cm. Upright, variable perennial. Stems produce a milky latex when broken and are hairy towards the base. Grows in grassy places, along woodland rides, on verges and banks, and on heaths. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 2-3cm across, with yellow florets; carried on hairy stalks, in clusters (Jul-Sep). FRUITS have unbranched hairs. LEAVES are ovate, toothed; basal leaves are stalked and form a rosette; stem leaves are unstalked. STATUS-Widespread and fairly common in N Britain; scarce or absent in S.
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  • SMOOTH HAWK’S-BEARD Crepis capillaris (Asteraceae) Height to 80cm. Hairless and branched annual or biennial of dry, grassy places. FLOWERS in heads, 15-25mm across, with yellow florets and 2 rows of bracts, the outer ones spreading; heads in branched clusters (Jun-Oct). FRUITS have a pappus of unbranched hairs. LEAVES are pinnate, upper ones with clasping arrow-shaped bases. STATUS-Common.
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  • ROUGH HAWK’S-BEARD Crepis biennis (Asteraceae) Height to 1.2m. Branched biennial; stems roughly hairy and purplish towards base. Grows in grassland. FLOWERS in heads, 25-30mm across, with yellow florets, and 2 rows of bracts, outer ones unequal and spreading (Jun-Sep). FRUITS have a pappus of unbranched hairs. LEAVES are pinnate, upper ones without clasping arrow-shaped bases. STATUS-Locally common.
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  • PURPLE GROMWELL Lithospermum purpureocaeruleum (Boraginaceae) Height to 20cm. Downy and unbranched perennial with creeping stems that root at the tip and upright flowering stems. Grows in woodland and scrub on calcareous soils. FLOWERS are 12-15mm across, funnel-shaped and pink at first, soon turning deep blue; borne in terminal clusters (Apr-Jun). FRUITS are shiny, white nutlets. LEAVES are narrow lanceolate, dark green and pointed. STATUS-Local and scarce in S England and Wales only.
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  • YELLOW BARTSIA Parentucellia viscosa (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 40cm. Stickily-hairy, unbranched annual that is semi-parasitic on the roots of other plants. Grow in damp, grassy places, mostly near the sea and often in dune slacks<br />
FLOWERS are 15-35mm long, the corolla bright yellow and 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-lobed; in leafy spikes (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are lanceolate and unstalked. STATUS-Very locally common near coasts of S and SW England and W Ireland.
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  • SLENDER THISTLE Carduus tenuiflorus (Asteraceae), Lundy Island, Devon. Height to 1m. Upright, greyish biennial. Similar to Welted Thistle but stems are spiny-winged right up to the flower heads and extremely cottony. Grows in dry grassland, often near the sea. FLOWERS are borne in egg-shaped heads, 5-10mm across, with pinkish red florets; in dense, terminal clusters (Jun-Aug). FRUITS have unbranched hairs. LEAVES are pinnate, spiny and cottony below. STATUS-Locally common around coasts, except N.
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  • Yarrow - Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae) Height to 50cm<br />
Upright, downy perennial with creeping stems and upright, unbranched and furrowed flowering stalks. The whole plant is strongly aromatic. Grows in meadows, verges and hedgerows, and on waste ground. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 4-6mm across, comprising yellowish disc florets and pinkish white ray florets; the heads are arranged in flat-topped clusters (Jun-Nov). FRUITS are achenes. LEAVES are dark green, finely divided and feathery.
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  • SPOTTED HAWKWEED Hieracium maculatum (Asteraceae) Height to 60cm. Upright, variable perennial. Stems produce a milky latex when broken and are hairy towards the base. Grows in grassy places, along woodland rides, on verges and banks, and on heaths. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 2-3cm across, with yellow florets; carried on hairy stalks, in clusters (Jul-Sep). FRUITS have unbranched hairs. LEAVES are shield-shaped, long-stalked and marked with bold dark spots and blotches. STATUS-Local, mainly on limestone; mainly central-southern England.
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  • COMMON HAWKWEED Hieracium vulgatum (Asteraceae) Height to 80cm. Upright, variable perennial. Stems produce a milky latex when broken and are hairy towards the base. Grows in grassy places, along woodland rides, on verges and banks, and on heaths. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 2-3cm across, with yellow florets; carried on hairy stalks, in clusters (Jul-Sep). FRUITS have unbranched hairs. LEAVES are ovate, toothed; basal leaves are stalked and form a rosette; stem leaves are unstalked. STATUS-Widespread and fairly common in N Britain; scarce or absent in S.
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  • WILD CLARY Salvia verbenaca (Lamiaceae) Height to 80cm<br />
Upright, downy and almost unbranched perennial. Upper part of the flowering stem, including the bracts and calyces, are often tinged purple. Grows in dry grassland, typically on calcareous soils and often near the coast. FLOWERS are 8-15mm long and bluish violet, the calyx being sticky and coated with long, white hairs; borne in whorls in rather compact spikes (May-Aug). FRUITS are nutlets. LEAVES are oval with jagged teeth, and mainly basal. STATUS-Widespread but local in S and E England only.
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  • SPRING VETCH Vicia lathyroides (Fabaceae) Height to 20cm<br />
Rather delicate, spreading and downy annual. Found in short grassland, mainly on sandy soils and near the sea. FLOWERS are 5-8mm long, reddish purple and solitary (Apr-Jun). FRUITS are black, hairless pods. LEAVES comprise 2-4 pairs of bristle-tipped leaflets and unbranched tendrils. STATUS-Local throughout the region.
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  • ROUND-HEADED RAMPION Phyteuma orbiculare (Campanulaceae) Height to 50cm. Distinctive, hairless and unbranched perennial; grows in chalk grassland. FLOWERS are bluish violet and borne in rounded heads, 10-15mm across, on long, slender stems (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are dry capsules. LEAVES are oval at the base of the plant, narrow and unstalked on the stem. STATUS-Local, restricted to a few locations in S England; an indicator of undisturbed sites but absent from many seemingly suitable locations.
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  • YARROW Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae) Height to 50cm<br />
Upright, downy perennial with creeping stems and upright, unbranched and furrowed flowering stalks. The whole plant is strongly aromatic. Grows in meadows, verges and hedgerows, and on waste ground. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 4-6mm across, comprising yellowish disc florets and pinkish white ray florets; the heads are arranged in flat-topped clusters (Jun-Nov). FRUITS are achenes. LEAVES are dark green, finely divided and feathery.
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  • YARROW Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae) on Lundy Island, Devon. Height to 50cm. Upright, downy perennial with creeping stems and upright, unbranched and furrowed flowering stalks. The whole plant is strongly aromatic. Grows in meadows, verges and hedgerows, and on waste ground. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 4-6mm across, comprising yellowish disc florets and pinkish white ray florets; the heads are arranged in flat-topped clusters (Jun-Nov). FRUITS are achenes. LEAVES are dark green, finely divided and feathery. STATUS-Widespread and common throughout the region.
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  • PRICKLY LETTUCE Lactuca serriola (Asteraceae) Height to 1.75m. Upright and stiff biennial, the upper part of which is branched. Broken stems exude a milky sap. Grows on disturbed and waste ground, verges and railways. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 11-13mm across, with yellow florets; carried in open, branched inflorescences (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are brown with unbranched pappus hairs. LEAVES are grey-green and held stiffly erect with pointed clasping bases; margins and lower midrib have weak spine; lower leaves may have narrow lobes. STATUS-Common only in S.
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  • SNEEZEWORT Achillea ptarmica (Asteraceae) Height to 60cm<br />
Upright and branched or unbranched perennial with stiff, angular stems, the upper parts of which are downy. Grows in damp situations in meadows, and woodland rides and clearings, almost always on acid soils. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 1-2cm across, comprising greenish yellow disc florets and white ray florets; heads are carried in open clusters (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are achenes. LEAVES are narrow, undivided, untoothed and stalkless. STATUS-Locally common throughout the region.
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  • JERSEY CUDWEED Gnaphalium luteoalbum (Asteraceae) Height to 40cm. Upright, mainly unbranched, extremely woolly greyish annual. The flowers are yellowish brown, egg-shaped and in terminal clusters (June-Aug). Jersey Cudweed grows on damp, sandy ground. It also occurs, extremely locally, near the coasts of N Norfolk and S Dorset.
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  • WALL LETTUCE Mycelis muralis (Asteraceae) Height to 1m<br />
Upright and hairless perennial. Stems are often purple tinged and exude a milky sap when broken. Grows on shady banks and wall, usually on chalky soils. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 7-10mm across, with 5 yellow ray florets; heads are carried in open clusters (Jun-Sep). FRUITS have unbranched hairs. LEAVES are pinnate, the end lobe triangular; upper leaves are clasping. STATUS-Widespread but only locally common.
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  • DARK MULLEIN Verbascum nigrum (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 1m. Upright and ridge-stemmed biennial; stems purplish and usually unbranched. Grows on roadside verges and disturbed ground, on calcareous and sandy soils. FLOWERS are 1-2cm across and yellow, the stamens coated in purple hairs; borne in elongated spikes (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are dark green and oval, lower ones long-stalked, upper ones almost unstalked. STATUS-Locally common in S and E England only.
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  • WALL LETTUCE Mycelis muralis (Asteraceae) Height to 1m<br />
Upright and hairless perennial. Stems are often purple tinged and exude a milky sap when broken. Grows on shady banks and wall, usually on chalky soils. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 7-10mm across, with 5 yellow ray florets; heads are carried in open clusters (Jun-Sep). FRUITS have unbranched hairs. LEAVES are pinnate, the end lobe triangular; upper leaves are clasping. STATUS-Widespread but only locally common.
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  • BEAKED HAWK'S-BEARD Crepis vesicaria. Height to 1.2m. Branched, roughly hairy plant of grassland, verges and waste ground. Flowers in heads 15-25mm across, with orange-yellow florets, outer ones striped red (June-Sep). Fruits with a pappus of unbranched hairs. Leaves irregularly pinnate, with a large end lobe. Status introduced but common in S England.
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  • WALL BARLEY Hordeum murinum (Poaceae) Height to 30cm<br />
Tufted annual of bare ground and waste places, often near the sea. FLOWERS are borne in long, unbranched spikes, 9-10cm long, with spikelets in 3s, each with 3 stiff awns (May-Jul); flowering stems are prostrate at base. FRUITS are small, dry nutlets. LEAVES are 7-8mm wide with short, blunt ligules. STATUS-Widespread and common.
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  • TUBEROUS COMFREY Symphytum tuberosum (Boraginaceae) Height to 1.3m. Similar to Common Comfrey, but note flower colour and unbranched habit. Grows in shady place. FLOWERS are 12-18mm long and creamy yellow (Jun-Jul). FRUITS are rough nutlets. LEAVES are oval; middle leaves are longest. STATUS-Local, mainly in N.
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  • Mouse-eared Hawkweed - Pilosella officinarum. Height to 25cm. Variable, hairy perennial. Plant has creeping runners and often forms mats. Stems produce a milky latex when broken. Grows in a wide range of dry, grassy places, from meadows to heaths. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 2-3cm across, with pale yellow florets that have a red stripe below; heads are solitary on leafless stems (May-Oct). FRUITS have unbranched hairs. LEAVES are spoon-shaped, green and hairy above and downy white below; arranged in a basal rosette. STATUS-Widespread and common throughout.
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  • EYEBRIGHT Euphrasia officinalis agg. (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 25cm. Branched or unbranched annual, semi-parasitic on roots of other plants and sometimes tinged reddish. The plant’s appearance is extremely variable and 30 or so species are recognised. However, an expert eye and considerable experience is needed to discern the differences. Given the limited space available in this book, here all Eyebrights are considered as a single aggregate species. Grows in undisturbed grassy places. FLOWERS are 5-10mm long (depending on the ‘species’ involved), the corolla 2-lipped (the lower lip 3-lobed) and whitish (sometimes tinged pink) with purple veins and a yellow throat; borne in leafy spikes (May-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are oval but sharply toothed, sometimes tinged bronze. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
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  • BEARDED COUCH Elymus caninus Height to 1m. Tufted perennial with downy stem joints. Grows in damp, shady places in woods and hedgerows. FLOWERS are borne in a somewhat lax, unbranched inflorescence, the spikelets alternate and with a long, straight awn (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are small, dry nutlets. LEAVES are flat. STATUS-Widespread and locally common in England and Wales.
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  • WILD CLARY Salvia verbenaca (Lamiaceae) Height to 80cm<br />
Upright, downy and almost unbranched perennial. Upper part of the flowering stem, including the bracts and calyces, are often tinged purple. Grows in dry grassland, typically on calcareous soils and often near the coast. FLOWERS are 8-15mm long and bluish violet, the calyx being sticky and coated with long, white hairs; borne in whorls in rather compact spikes (May-Aug). FRUITS are nutlets. LEAVES are oval with jagged teeth, and mainly basal. STATUS-Widespread but local in S and E England only.
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  • SLENDER THISTLE Carduus tenuiflorus (Asteraceae), Lundy Island, Devon. Height to 1m. Upright, greyish biennial. Similar to Welted Thistle but stems are spiny-winged right up to the flower heads and extremely cottony. Grows in dry grassland, often near the sea. FLOWERS are borne in egg-shaped heads, 5-10mm across, with pinkish red florets; in dense, terminal clusters (Jun-Aug). FRUITS have unbranched hairs. LEAVES are pinnate, spiny and cottony below. STATUS-Locally common around coasts, except N.
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  • BIRTHWORT Aristolochia clematitis (Aristolochiaceae) Height to 80cm. Upright, unbranched perennial of scrubby places. FLOWERS are yellow, tubular, 20-30mm long, foetid-smelling, the swollen base trapping pollinating insects; borne in clusters (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are green and pear-shaped. LEAVES are heart-shaped and strongly veined. STATUS-Rare and declining; a relict of cultivation for midwifery.
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  • MOUSE-EAR HAWKWEED Pilosella officinarum (Asteraceae) Height to 25cm. Variable, hairy perennial. Plant has creeping runners and often forms mats. Stems produce a milky latex when broken. Grows in a wide range of dry, grassy places, from meadows to heaths. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 2-3cm across, with pale yellow florets that have a red stripe below; heads are solitary on leafless stems (May-Oct). FRUITS have unbranched hairs. LEAVES are spoon-shaped, green and hairy above and downy white below; arranged in a basal rosette. STATUS-Widespread and common throughout.
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  • PRICKLY LETTUCE Lactuca serriola (Asteraceae) Height to 1.75m. Upright and stiff biennial, the upper part of which is branched. Broken stems exude a milky sap. Grows on disturbed and waste ground, verges and railways. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 11-13mm across, with yellow florets; carried in open, branched inflorescences (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are brown with unbranched pappus hairs. LEAVES are grey-green and held stiffly erect with pointed clasping bases; margins and lower midrib have weak spine; lower leaves may have narrow lobes. STATUS-Common only in S.
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  • PERENNIAL RYE-GRASS Lolium perenne (Poaceae) Height to 90cm. Tufted, hairless perennial with wiry stems. Grows in meadows but also cultivated on farmland. FLOWERS are borne in unbranched heads, the spikelets green and without awns (May-Aug). FRUITS are small, dry nutlets. LEAVES are deep green and often folded when young. STATUS-Widespread and common throughout.
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  • CARLINE THISTLE Carlina vulgaris (Asteraceae) Height to 60cm. Upright, branched or unbranched biennial, armed with stiff spines. Grows in dry calcareous grassland. FLOWERS are borne in golden brown, rayless heads, 15-40mm across, surrounded by spreading, straw-coloured bracts; carried in clusters (Jul-Sep); dead flower heads persist. FRUITS have feathery pappus hairs. LEAVES are oblong with wavy margins and spiny lobes; lower leaves are downy. STATUS-Locally common.
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  • Eyebright - Euphrasia officinalis Height to 25cm. Branched or unbranched annual, semi-parasitic on roots of other plants and sometimes tinged reddish. The plant’s appearance is extremely variable and 30 or so species are recognised. However, an expert eye and considerable experience is needed to discern the differences. Given the limited space available in this book, here all Eyebrights are considered as a single aggregate species. Grows in undisturbed grassy places. FLOWERS are 5-10mm long (depending on the ‘species’ involved), the corolla 2-lipped (the lower lip 3-lobed) and whitish (sometimes tinged pink) with purple veins and a yellow throat; borne in leafy spikes (May-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are oval but sharply toothed, sometimes tinged bronze. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
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  • FALSE BROME Brachypodium sylvaticum (Poaceae) Height to 1m. Tufted and softly hairy perennial that grows in shady woods and hedgerows. FLOWERS are borne in unbranched and slightly nodding heads with long spikelets that are short-stalked (Jul-Aug). FRUITS are small, dry nutlets. LEAVES are long, 10-12mm wide and hairy. STATUS-Widespread and common throughout.
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  • UMBELLATE HAWKWEED Hieracium umbellatum (Asteraceae) Height to 80cm. Upright, variable perennial. Stems produce a milky latex when broken and are hairy towards the base. Grows in grassy places, usually on rocky slopes or banks; often coastal. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 2-3cm across, with yellow florets; carried on hairy stalks, in umbellate clusters (Jul-Sep). FRUITS have unbranched hairs. LEAVES are ovate, toothed and unstalked; there is no basal rosette. STATUS-Locally common in SW England and W Wales; scattered and generally scarce elsewhere.
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  • UMBELLATE HAWKWEED Hieracium umbellatum (Asteraceae) Height to 80cm. Upright, variable perennial. Stems produce a milky latex when broken and are hairy towards the base. Grows in grassy places, usually on rocky slopes or banks; often coastal. FLOWERS are borne in heads, 2-3cm across, with yellow florets; carried on hairy stalks, in umbellate clusters (Jul-Sep). FRUITS have unbranched hairs. LEAVES are ovate, toothed and unstalked; there is no basal rosette. STATUS-Locally common in SW England and W Wales; scattered and generally scarce elsewhere.
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