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  • CUT-LEAVED GERMANDER Teucriuim botrys (Lamiaceae) Height to 25cm. Upright and branched, downy annual or biennial. Grows on bare ground, in short grassland often on previously disturbed soil, and in arable fields, on chalk and limestone soils. FLOWERS are 7-9mm long with no upper lip but a lower lip that is deep, pink; borne in small clusters up leafy stems (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are nutlets. LEAVES are almost triangular but deeply cut, the lower ones almost pinnately so. STATUS-Rare and restricted to a few locations in S England, from Cotswolds to Kent.
    131786.jpg
  • Ash - Fraxinus excelsior Oleaceae - Flowers. Height to 40m. Deciduous tree with open crown. Bark Grey, fissured with age. Branches Ascending; grey twigs flattened at nodes with conical black buds. Leaves Pinnate, to 35cm long with 7–13 lanceolate, toothed leaflets. Reproductive parts Flowers small, purple, clustered. Fruits are single-winged ‘keys’, in bunches. Status Common native; prefers calcareous or base-rich soils.
    157450.jpg
  • Violet Helleborin -, Epipactis purpurata - var.rosea. Height to 75cm. Upright and clump-forming perennial with stems strongly violet-tinged. Similar to Broad-leaved Helleborine. Grows in shady woods, mostly under Beech on chalk soils. FLOWERS comprise rather narrow sepals and upper petals that are greenish white inside, and a heart-shaped whitish lip that is tinged purplish towards the centre; borne in spikes (Aug-Sep). FRUITS are pear-shaped. LEAVES are narrow and parallel-sided. STATUS-Local, mainly S England.
    156688.jpg
  • HARE’S-FOOT CLOVER Trifolium arvense (Fabaceae) - Lundy, Devon. Height to 25cm. Charming and distinctive annual that is covered in soft hairs. Found in dry, grassy areas, typically on sandy or gravelly soils. FLOWERS are pale pink and shorter than the filament-like calyx teeth; borne in dense egg-shaped to cylindrical heads, 2-3cm long (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are concealed by the calyx. LEAVES are trifoliate and comprise narrow leaflets that are barely toothed. STATUS-Widespread and locally common in England and Wales; absent from N Scotland and mainly coastal in Ireland.
    155425.jpg
  • Allseed - Radiola linoides (Linaceae) Height to 5cm<br />
Low-growing, rather bushy annual found on damp ground, usually on sandy or peaty ground and acid soils. FLOWERS 1-2mm across with tiny white petals; borne in dense terminal clusters (Jul-Aug). FRUITS are globular. LEAVES are oval, 1-veined and borne in opposite pairs. STATUS-Widespread but local, and most common in SW England.
    155449.jpg
  • BUCKTHORN Rhamnus cathartica (Rhamnaceae) Height to 8m. Deciduous, thorny shrub or small tree. Found in woodland and scrub, mainly on calcareous soils. FLOWERS are 4-5mm across and greenish yellow; borne in clusters (May). FRUITS are berries that ripen black; borne in clusters. LEAVES are 3-6cm long, oval, finely toothed and opposite. STATUS-Locally common in E England only.
    135117.jpg
  • Dunkeld (Hybrid) Larch Larix x eurolepis (Pinaceae) HEIGHT to 32m. Vigorous deciduous conifer, conical in outline when mature. Shares characteristics with both parents (Common Larch and Japanese Larch); most features intermediate between the 2 but rather variable. BARK Similar to Japanese Larch. LEAVES Dark green needles, to 5cm long. REPRODUCTIVE PARTS Female cones are pinkish at first, but ripen yellow-brown and have slightly reflexed scales with projecting bracts. STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION More vigorous than either parents, and copes better with harsh conditions and poor soils; quite widely planted, mostly for timber but occasionally for ornament
    134623.jpg
  • Hiba Thujopsis dolabrata (Cupressaceae) HEIGHT to 20m <br />
Single-boled conical tree or broad shrub on a divided trunk. LEAVES Scale-like, glossy green above with white bands below and a pointed, curved tip. Leaves clasp shoots, in opposite pairs on flat sprays. REPRODUCTIVE PARTS Small blackish male cones at shoot tips. Rounded female cones singly on ends of shoots on same tree. Mature cones about 1.2cm long, brown. STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION Native of Japan, planted here for ornament. Prefers wet regions with damp soils.
    134619.jpg
  • Buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica Rhamnaceae Height to 10m<br />
Spreading deciduous shrub or small tree. Bark Dark orange-brown, fissured with age. Branches With slender, slightly spiny shoots. Leaves Ovate to rounded, to 6cm long, finely toothed; veins converge towards leaf tip. Reproductive parts Flowers fragrant, with 4 green petals. Fruit is black, shiny and 8mm across. Status Local native, mainly on chalky soils.
    134432.jpg
  • Common Whitebeam Sorbus aria Rosaceae Height to 25m <br />
Deciduous tree or spreading shrub. Bark Smooth and grey. Branches Spreading; twigs brown above, green below. Buds ovoid, green, tipped with hairs. Leaves Oval, to 12cm long, toothed, very hairy below. Reproductive parts Flowers white, clustered. Fruits ovoid, to 1.5cm long, red. Status Native in S mainly on chalky soils; also widely planted in towns.
    133835.jpg
  • Ash Fraxinus excelsior Oleaceae Height to 40m. Deciduous tree with open crown. Bark Grey, fissured with age. Branches Ascending; grey twigs flattened at nodes with conical black buds. Leaves Pinnate, to 35cm long with 7–13 lanceolate, toothed leaflets. Reproductive parts Flowers small, purple, clustered. Fruits are single-winged ‘keys’, in bunches. Status Common native; prefers calcareous or base-rich soils.
    133746.jpg
  • Black-poplar Populus nigra ssp. betulifolia (Salicaceae) HEIGHT to 32m  Large, spreading tree when fully mature, with a domed crown and thick, blackish, gnarled bole covered with distinctive burrs and tuberous growths. Rather straggly, however, when growing among other trees in woods. SHOOTS And buds are<br />
smooth and golden-brown when young. LEAVES Triangular and long-stalked with a finely toothed margin and are fresh shiny green on both surfaces. REPRODUCTIVE PARTS Male catkins are pendulous and reddish, female catkins are greenish. Both appear in April. STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION Native of our region, preferring heavier soils and damp conditions. Tolerates pollution so sometimes planted in cities. It is known in the north of England as ‘Manchester Poplar’.
    133341.jpg
  • Wayfaring-tree Viburnum lantana Caprifoliaceae Height to 6m. Small, spreading deciduous tree. Bark Brown. Branches With rounded, greyish, hairy twigs. Leaves Opposite, to 14cm long ovate and toothed. Reproductive parts Flowers white, 5-petalled, to 8mm across, in rounded heads about 10cm across. Fruits oval berries about 8mm long; ripen red to black. Status Native, favouring calcareous soils; also planted.
    133235.jpg
  • Common Whitebeam Sorbus aria Rosaceae Height to 25m <br />
Deciduous tree or spreading shrub. Bark Smooth and grey. Branches Spreading; twigs brown above, green below. Buds ovoid, green, tipped with hairs. Leaves Oval, to 12cm long, toothed, very hairy below. Reproductive parts Flowers white, clustered. Fruits ovoid, to 1.5cm long, red. Status Native in S mainly on chalky soils; also widely planted in towns.
    132660.jpg
  • Aspen Populus tremulus Salicaceae Height to 18m. Slender tree with a rounded crown. Suckers readily. Bark Ridged and fissured with age. Leaves Rounded to oval, with shallow marginal teeth, palest below; rustle in the slightest breeze and turn golden in autumn. Reproductive parts Reddish male catkins and greenish female catkins on different trees. Status Common on poor, damp soils.
    132584.jpg
  • Aspen Populus tremulus Salicaceae Height to 18m. Slender tree with a rounded crown. Suckers readily. Bark Ridged and fissured with age. Leaves Rounded to oval, with shallow marginal teeth, palest below; rustle in the slightest breeze and turn golden in autumn. Reproductive parts Reddish male catkins and greenish female catkins on different trees. Status Common on poor, damp soils.
    132585.jpg
  • Aspen Populus tremulus Salicaceae Height to 18m. Slender tree with a rounded crown. Suckers readily. Bark Ridged and fissured with age. Leaves Rounded to oval, with shallow marginal teeth, palest below; rustle in the slightest breeze and turn golden in autumn. Reproductive parts Reddish male catkins and greenish female catkins on different trees. Status Common on poor, damp soils.
    132582.jpg
  • Common Whitebeam Sorbus aria Rosaceae Height to 25m <br />
Deciduous tree or spreading shrub. Bark Smooth and grey. Branches Spreading; twigs brown above, green below. Buds ovoid, green, tipped with hairs. Leaves Oval, to 12cm long, toothed, very hairy below. Reproductive parts Flowers white, clustered. Fruits ovoid, to 1.5cm long, red. Status Native in S mainly on chalky soils; also widely planted in towns.
    132315.jpg
  • BUCKTHORN Rhamnus cathartica (Rhamnaceae) Height to 8m. Deciduous, thorny shrub or small tree. Found in woodland and scrub, mainly on calcareous soils. FLOWERS are 4-5mm across and greenish yellow; borne in clusters (May). FRUITS are berries that ripen black; borne in clusters. LEAVES are 3-6cm long, oval, finely toothed and opposite. STATUS-Locally common in E England only.
    132179.jpg
  • Alder Buckthorn Frangula alnus Rhamnaceae HEIGHT to 5m.<br />
Sprawling tree. Bark Smooth, grey with vertical furrows. Branches Spreading, twigs with fine hairs. Leaves Ovate, to 7cm long, with entire margins. Reproductive parts Flowers greenish, 5-petalled, 3mm across, in small axillary clusters. Fruits berry-like, 1cm across, green ripening yellow, red then black. Status Locally common on damp, acid soils.
    130165.jpg
  • Common Whitebeam Sorbus aria Rosaceae Height to 25m <br />
Deciduous tree or spreading shrub. Bark Smooth and grey. Branches Spreading; twigs brown above, green below. Buds ovoid, green, tipped with hairs. Leaves Oval, to 12cm long, toothed, very hairy below. Reproductive parts Flowers white, clustered. Fruits ovoid, to 1.5cm long, red. Status Native in S mainly on chalky soils; also widely planted in towns.
    129851.jpg
  • Common Whitebeam Sorbus aria Rosaceae Height to 25m <br />
Deciduous tree or spreading shrub. Bark Smooth and grey. Branches Spreading; twigs brown above, green below. Buds ovoid, green, tipped with hairs. Leaves Oval, to 12cm long, toothed, very hairy below. Reproductive parts Flowers white, clustered. Fruits ovoid, to 1.5cm long, red. Status Native in S mainly on chalky soils; also widely planted in towns.
    105822.jpg
  • HOARY PLANTAIN Plantago media (Plantaginaceae) Height to 25cm. Persistent and downy perennial of lawns and trampled grassland, mainly on calcareous soils. FLOWERS are 2mm across, the corolla whitish and the anthers lilac; borne on slender spikes up to 20cm long (May-Aug). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are greyish, narrowly ovate, and taper gradually to broad stalks; borne in basal rosettes. STATUS-Widespread and common in England, but scarce or absent elsewhere.
    141524.jpg
  • HOG’S FENNEL Peucedanum officinale (Apiaceae) Height to 1.5m. Hairless, dark green perennial with solid stems. Restricted to coastal grassland on clay soils. FLOWERS are deep yellow and borne in open umbels, 15-20cm across (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are narrow-ovate. LEAVES are 4- to 6-trifoliate with flattened, narrow segments. STATUS-Restricted to a couple of locations on the Thames Estuary.
    141504.jpg
  • HOG’S FENNEL Peucedanum officinale (Apiaceae) Height to 1.5m. Hairless, dark green perennial with solid stems. Restricted to coastal grassland on clay soils. FLOWERS are deep yellow and borne in open umbels, 15-20cm across (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are narrow-ovate. LEAVES are 4- to 6-trifoliate with flattened, narrow segments. STATUS-Restricted to a couple of locations on the Thames Estuary.
    141505.jpg
  • COMMON FUMITORY Fumaria officinalis (Fumariaceae) Height to 10cm. Spreading or scrambling annual of well-drained arable soils. FLOWERS are 6-7mm long, pink with crimson tips, spurred and 2-lipped, the lower petal being paddle-shaped; borne in elongating spikes (Apr-Oct). FRUITS are globular and 1-seeded. LEAVES are grey-green and much divided; lobes all in one plane. STATUS-Widespread and common.
    140022.jpg
  • MAY LILY Maianthemum bifolium (Liliaceae) Height to 20cm<br />
Attractive perennial with a creeping rhizome and upright stalks bearing a single pair of leaves and the flower spike. Grows in mature woodlands, often on acid soils. FLOWERS are 2-5mm across, white and 4-parted; borne in spikes, 3-4cm long (May-Jun). FRUITS are red berries although these are produced only rarely. LEAVES are heart-shaped and shiny, the lower one long-stalked. STATUS-Local, N England only.
    137923.jpg
  • Small-flowered Sweet-briar Rosa micrantha Height to 2.5m<br />
Compact shrub with upright stems that bear long, curved thorns that are broad at the base. Found in scrub, mainly on calcareous soils. FLOWERS are 15-25mm across and pink; in clusters of up to 3 flowers (Jun-Jul). FRUITS are ovoid, red hips with persisting reflexed sepals. LEAVES have 5-7 oval, toothed and sweet-smelling leaflets. STATUS-Local in south and west Britain.
    137874.jpg
  • Tree Lupin Lupinus arboreus Height to 3m. Robust and invasive evergreen shrub. Grows on sandy soils, often coastal. Flowers are typically yellow and borne in tall spikes, May-August. Leaves are palmate with slender leaflets. Status-Introduced from North America, occasionally naturalised and often subject to eradication programs.
    137730.jpg
  • MARSH VIOLET Viola palustris (Violaceae) Height to 15cm<br />
Distinctive, hairless perennial with creeping runners. Found in bogs and marshy places on acid soils. FLOWERS are 10-15mm across with rounded, dark-veined, pale lilac petals and a blunt, pale spur (Apr-Jul). FRUITS are egg-shaped. LEAVES are kidney-shaped and long-stalked. STATUS-Widespread but local; commonest in N and W.
    137706.jpg
  • CORALROOT Cardamine bulbifera (Brassicaceae) Height to 70cm. Perennial of undisturbed woodland on calcareous or sandy soils. FLOWERS are 12-18mm across with 4 pink petals; in terminal heads (Apr-May). FRUITS are 3.5cm long and narrow. LEAVES are pinnately divided (upper ones less so) with 1-3 pairs of leaflets; borne up stem with brown bulbils in axils. STATUS-Scarce and local; SE England only.
    137660.jpg
  • CROWN VETCH Securigera varia (Fabaceae) Height to 1m<br />
Straggling, hairless perennial. Found in grassy places, usually on calcareous soils. FLOWERS are 10-15mm long and pink and white; borne in long-stalked, spherical heads of 10-20 flowers (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are 4-angled pods, 6cm long. LEAVES comprise 7-12 pairs of oval leaflets and a terminal leaflet. STATUS-Naturalised locally.
    136819.jpg
  • WEASEL’S-SNOUT Misopates orontium (Scrophulariaceae) Height to 25cm. Attractive and distinctive, downy and usually unbranched annual. Grows in arable fields and on disturbed ground, usually favouring sandy soils. FLOWERS are 10-15mm long and pinkish purple, toadflax-like in shape but without a spur; they arise from leaf axils towards the top of the stem (Jul-Oct). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are narrow and linear. STATUS-Scarce and declining, found mainly in S and E England.
    135496.jpg
  • NIGHT-FLOWERING CATCHFLY Silene noctiflora (Caryophyllaceae) Height to 60cm. Stickily hairy annual of arable fields, mainly on chalk or sandy soils. FLOWERS recall those of White Campion. However, petals are pinkish above, yellowish below and inrolled by day, opening at night, when they are scented (May-Jul). FRUITS are capsules with 6 reflexed teeth. LEAVES are ovate. STATUS-Local and declining.
    134498.jpg
  • PURPLE GROMWELL Lithospermum purpureocaeruleum (Boraginaceae) Height to 20cm. Downy and unbranched perennial with creeping stems that root at the tip and upright flowering stems. Grows in woodland and scrub on calcareous soils. FLOWERS are 12-15mm across, funnel-shaped and pink at first, soon turning deep blue; borne in terminal clusters (Apr-Jun). FRUITS are shiny, white nutlets. LEAVES are narrow lanceolate, dark green and pointed. STATUS-Local and scarce in S England and Wales only.
    134106.jpg
  • Woad Isatis tinctoria Height to 1m. Upright biennial or perennial of well-drained soils, usually in shady spots. Introduced and formerly used as a source or dye. Leaves are elongate-triangular with basal lobes. Flowers are yellow and 3-5mm across; borne in large, frothy heads, June-August. Widespread but very local.
    134023.jpg
  • THALE CRESS Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) Height to 50cm. Distinctive annual of dry, sandy soils; often on paths. FLOWERS are 3mm across with 4 white petals; in terminal clusters (Mar-Oct). FRUITS are cylindrical and 20mm long. LEAVES are broadly-toothed, oval and form a basal rosette; upright flowering stems also bear a few, small leaves. STATUS-Widespread and fairly common in lowland areas.
    133739.jpg
  • UPRIGHT CHICKWEED Moenchia erecta (Caryophyllaceae) Height to 8cm. Tiny, upright annual of short, dry grassland, typically on gravelly or sandy soils. FLOWERS are white with 4 petals; they open only in bright sunshine (Apr-Jun). Sepals are white-edged and longer than petals. FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are waxy grey-green, stiff and narrow. STATUS-Local in England and Wales only.
    133715.jpg
  • THALE CRESS Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) Height to 50cm. Distinctive annual of dry, sandy soils; often on paths. FLOWERS are 3mm across with 4 white petals; in terminal clusters (Mar-Oct). FRUITS are cylindrical and 20mm long. LEAVES are broadly-toothed, oval and form a basal rosette; upright flowering stems also bear a few, small leaves. STATUS-Widespread and fairly common in lowland areas.
    131893.jpg
  • DEADLY NIGHTSHADE Atropa belladonna (Solanaceae) Height to 1m. Robust and much-branched, and often downy perennial. Grows in scrub and open woods, and on disturbed ground, almost always on calcareous soils. FLOWERS are 25-30mm across, purplish and bell-shaped; pendent and borne on stalks that arise from the leaf axils (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are globular, black berries, 15-20mm across. As the common name suggests, these are deadly poisonous. LEAVES are broadly oval, pointed and stalked. STATUS-Locally common in S and E England but scarce or absent elsewhere.
    131813.jpg
  • DEADLY NIGHTSHADE Atropa belladonna (Solanaceae) Height to 1m. Robust and much-branched, and often downy perennial. Grows in scrub and open woods, and on disturbed ground, almost always on calcareous soils. FLOWERS are 25-30mm across, purplish and bell-shaped; pendent and borne on stalks that arise from the leaf axils (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are globular, black berries, 15-20mm across. As the common name suggests, these are deadly poisonous. LEAVES are broadly oval, pointed and stalked. STATUS-Locally common in S and E England but scarce or absent elsewhere.
    131812.jpg
  • VIOLET HELLEBORINE Epipactis purpurata (Orchidaceae) Height to 75cm. Upright and clump-forming perennial with stems strongly violet-tinged. Similar to Broad-leaved Helleborine. Grows in shady woods, mostly under Beech on chalk soils. FLOWERS comprise rather narrow sepals and upper petals that are greenish white inside, and a heart-shaped whitish lip that is tinged purplish towards the centre; borne in spikes (Aug-Sep). FRUITS are pear-shaped. LEAVES are narrow and parallel-sided. STATUS-Local, mainly S England.
    131702.jpg
  • FEN RAGWORT Senecio paludosus. Height to 2m. A tall, downy perennial of damp soils. Flowers are yellow and 3-4cm across (June-Aug), and the leaves are narrow, lanceolate toothed and 15-20cm long. Rare and restricted to a few fenland sites.
    131532.jpg
  • ROUND-LEAVED FLUELLEN Kickxia spuria (Scrophulariaceae) Prostrate. Creeping, softly-hairy and slightly sticky annual. Grows in cultivated soils, particularly around the margins of arable fields. FLOWERS are 8-15mm long, mainly yellow but with a purple upper lip and a curved spur; borne on slender stalks that arise from the leaf axils (Jul-Oct). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are oval or slightly rounded. STATUS-Locally common in S England but scarce or absent elsewhere.
    131480.jpg
  • FEN BEDSTRAW Galium uliginosum (Rubiaceae) Height to 70cm. Straggly and slender perennial with rough stems that have backward-pointing bristles on the edges. Found in damp, grassy places, mainly on calcareous soils. FLOWERS are 2-3mm across, white and 4-petalled; in open, few-flowered clusters (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are wrinkled, brown nutlets. LEAVES are narrow, spine-tipped and have backward-pointing marginal bristles; borne in whorls of 6-8. STATUS-Widespread but local.
    131402.jpg
  • SHEEP’S-BIT Jasione montana (Campanulaceae) Height to 30cm. Attractive, spreading and downy biennial that grows in dry grassland, and on coastal cliffs, heaths and dunes, favouring acid soils and absent from calcareous locations. FLOWERS are sky blue and borne in rounded heads, 30-35mm across, on slender stalks (May-Sep). Note that the anthers do not project (cf. Devil’s-bit Scabious). FRUITS are dry capsules. LEAVES are wavy-edged and hairy at the base, forming a rosette, but narrow on the stem. STATUS-Widespread but local, and commonest in W and near the sea.
    131162.jpg
  • VIPER’S-BUGLOSS Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae) Height to 80cm. Upright biennial covered in reddish bristles. Grows in dry grassland, mainly on sandy and calcareous soils, often near the coast. FLOWERS are 15-20mm long, funnel-shaped and bright blue with protruding purplish stamens; borne in tall spikes (May-Sep). FRUITS are rough nutlets. LEAVES are narrow and pointed; basal leaves are stalked. STATUS-Widespread and common in England and Wales; scarce elsewhere.
    131145.jpg
  • BARBERRY Berberis vulgaris (Berberidaceae) Height to 2m<br />
Small, deciduous shrub with grooved twigs and 3-forked prickles. Found in hedgerows and scrub, mainly on calcareous soils. FLOWERS are small, yellow and borne in hanging clusters (May-Jun). FRUITS are ovoid, reddish berries. LEAVES are sharp-toothed, oval and borne in tufts from axils of prickles. STATUS-Scarce native; also naturalised.
    130954.jpg
  • PILL SEDGE Carex pilulifera (Cyperaceae) Height to 25cm<br />
Tufted sedge with 3-sided stems. Grows on heaths and dry grassland with acid soils. FLOWERS are in inflorescences that comprise 1 spike above 2-4 egg-shaped female spikes (May-Jun). FRUITS are green, rounded, downy and ribbed. LEAVES are yellowish green, narrow, wiry and flaccid. STATUS-Widespread but local, except in N and W.
    130885.jpg
  • SLENDER TREFOIL Trifolium micranthum (Fabaceae) Height to 10cm. Upright, slender annual that is easily overlooked. Favours dry, grassy places, mainly on sandy or gravelly soils. FLOWERS are 2-3mm long and deep yellow; borne in long-stalked heads of 2-6 flowers (May-Aug). FRUITS are brown pods. LEAVES are trifoliate with short-stalked leaflets. STATUS-Widespread but only locally common.
    130882.jpg
  • RAMSONS Allium ursinum (Liliaceae) Height to 35cm<br />
Bulbous perennial that smells strongly of garlic. Grows in damp woodland, mainly on calcareous soils; where conditions suit its needs it often spreads, forming extensive carpets. FLOWERS are 15-20cm across, white and bell-shaped; borne in spherical, terminal clusters on slender, 3-sided and leafless stalks (Apr-May). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are ovate, up to 7cm wide and 25cm long, and all basal. STATUS-Widespread throughout much of the region, and locally abundant.
    130874.jpg
  • BROOM Cytisus scoparius (Fabaceae) Height to 2m<br />
Deciduous, branched and spineless shrub with ridged, 5-angled green twigs. Found on heaths and hedgerows, favouring acid soils. FLOWERS are 2cm long, bright yellow and solitary, or in pairs (Apr-Jun). FRUITS are oblong, blackening pods that explode on dry, sunny days. LEAVES are usually trifoliate. STATUS-Widespread and common.
    130873.jpg
  • RED DEAD-NETTLE Lamium purpureum (Lamiaceae) Height to 30cm. Branched and spreading, downy annual that is pungently aromatic when crushed. Whole plant sometimes acquires a purplish tinge. Grows on disturbed ground and cultivated soils. FLOWERS are 12-18mm long and purplish pink, with a hooded upper lip and the lower lip toothed at the base and twice the length of the calyx; borne in whorls on upright stems (Mar-Oct. FRUITS are nutlets. LEAVES are heart-shaped to oval, round-toothed and stalked. STATUS-Widespread and common throughout most of the region.
    130716.jpg
  • WHITE BEAK-SEDGE Rhynchospora alba (Cyperaceae) Height to 40cm. Tufted perennial of bogs and wet heaths on acid soils. FLOWERS are spikelets that are whitish at first; in flat-topped terminal clusters with a narrow bract (Jun-Sep). FRUITS appear similar to flowers. LEAVES are pale green and arise at base of plant and on stem. STATUS-Very local in S Britain but widespread in Scotland and W Ireland.
    130608.jpg
  • MEZEREON Daphne mezereum (Thymelaeaceae) Height to 2m. Deciduous shrub of woods and shady scrub on calcareous soils. FLOWERS are 8-12mm across with 4 pink, petal-like sepals (petals absent); clusters appear just before leaves (Feb-Apr). FRUITS are berry-like and bright red. LEAVES are alternate, pale green and mainly terminal. STATUS-Local and scarce, mainly in central S England.
    130340.jpg
  • HEATH PEARLWROT Sagina subulata (Caryophyllaceae) Height to 10cm. Mat-forming, downy perennial with a basal rosette. Found on dry, sandy or gravelly soils. FLOWERS have 5 white petals that are equal to, or longer than sepals; borne on slender, stickily hairy stalks (May-Aug). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are narrow, bristle-tipped and downy. STATUS-Locally common in N & W; scarce or absent elsewhere.
    130005.jpg
  • COWSLIP Primula veris (Primulaceae) Height to 25cm<br />
Elegant, downy perennial of dry, unimproved grassland, and often associated with calcareous soils. FLOWERS are 8-15mm across, fragrant, bell-shaped, stalked and orange-yellow; borne in rather 1-sided umbels of 10-30 flowers (Apr-May). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are tapering, wrinkled and hairy, forming a basal rosette. STATUS-Widespread and locally common, except in Scotland where it is rather scarce.
    127720.jpg
  • FRAGRANT ORCHID Gymnadenia conopsea (Orchidaceae) Height to 40cm.A robust and relatively tall orchid that is associated with both damp and dry grassland; it does best on calcareous soils or flushes, and often occurs in rather dense colonies. FLOWERS are extremely fragrant and typically pink, although a spike’s colour can vary from almost white to deep purple. Individual flowers have a 3-lobed lip and a long spur; they are borne in dense, cylindrical spikes (up to 15cm tall) (Jun-Aug). FRUITS form and swell at the base of the flowers. LEAVES are rather short and most are found at the base of the plant; a few, very narrow leaves are borne up the stem. STATUS-Widespread and locally common; most frequent in the S and SE.
    121137.jpg
  • LESSER CALAMINT Clinopodium calamintha (Lamiaceae) Height to 50cm. Tufted, greyish perennial. Similar to Common Calamint but downier and more branched. Grows in dry grassland and verges, mostly on sandy or chalky soils. FLOWERS are 10-15mm long, pale pinkish mauve and almost unspotted; borne in whorls (Jul-Sep). After flowering, the calyx tube has hairs projecting from the mouth. FRUITS are nutlets. LEAVES are oval and almost untoothed. STATUS-Local, restricted to S and E England.
    116957.jpg
  • Height to 10cm. Low-growing, spreading shrub with upright flowering stems. The leaves are narrow, leathery and Heather-like, while the flowers are pinkish-purple, bell-shaped, pendulous and in pairs (June-Aug). It grows on acid soils in the Highlands.
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  • SOFT RUSH Juncus effusus (Juncaceae) Height to 1.5m.<br />
Characteristic perennial of overgrazed grassland, mostly on acid soils. Stems are yellowish green, glossy and smooth. FLOWERS are pale brown and borne in loose or open clusters near the stem tops (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are yellow-brown, egg-shaped, indented at the tip and shorter than sepals. LEAVES are absent. STATUS-Widespread and common.
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  • RAMSONS Allium ursinum (Liliaceae) Height to 35cm<br />
Bulbous perennial that smells strongly of garlic. Grows in damp woodland, mainly on calcareous soils; where conditions suit its needs it often spreads, forming extensive carpets. FLOWERS are 15-20cm across, white and bell-shaped; borne in spherical, terminal clusters on slender, 3-sided and leafless stalks (Apr-May). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are ovate, up to 7cm wide and 25cm long, and all basal. STATUS-Widespread throughout much of the region, and locally abundant.
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  • RAMSONS Allium ursinum (Liliaceae) Height to 35cm<br />
Bulbous perennial that smells strongly of garlic. Grows in damp woodland, mainly on calcareous soils; where conditions suit its needs it often spreads, forming extensive carpets. FLOWERS are 15-20cm across, white and bell-shaped; borne in spherical, terminal clusters on slender, 3-sided and leafless stalks (Apr-May). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are ovate, up to 7cm wide and 25cm long, and all basal. STATUS-Widespread throughout much of the region, and locally abundant.
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  • Violet Helleborin -, Epipactis purpurata - var.rosea. Height to 75cm. Upright and clump-forming perennial with stems strongly violet-tinged. Similar to Broad-leaved Helleborine. Grows in shady woods, mostly under Beech on chalk soils. FLOWERS comprise rather narrow sepals and upper petals that are greenish white inside, and a heart-shaped whitish lip that is tinged purplish towards the centre; borne in spikes (Aug-Sep). FRUITS are pear-shaped. LEAVES are narrow and parallel-sided. STATUS-Local, mainly S England.
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  • GREEN-FLOWERED HELLEBORINE Epipactis phyllanthes (Orchidaceae) Height to 50cm. Slender, upright perennial with rather insignificant-looking flowers. Grows in shady woods on calcareous soils, and sometimes on dunes. FLOWERS comprise yellowish-green sepals and petals; flowers are pendent, invariably do not open fully and are borne in open spikes (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are pear-shaped. LEAVES are narrow-ovate and strongly veined. STATUS-Very local in S England and Wales; scarce or absent elsewhere.
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  • Common Spotted Orchid - Dacttlorhiza fuchsii - White form. var. albiflora. Height to 60cm. Robust orchid of grassland, open woods and verges, mostly on calcareous or neutral soils. FLOWERS vary in colour from plant to plant, ranging from pale pink to pinkish purple; darker streaks and spots adorn lower lip, which has 3 even-sized lobes and is 1cm across. Flowers are borne in open spikes (May-Aug). FRUITS are egg-shaped. LEAVES are green glossy and dark-spotted; borne in a basal rosette before flower stalk appears; narrower leaves sheath lower part of the stalk. STATUS-Locally common.
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  • Black-poplar Populus nigra ssp. betulifolia (Salicaceae) HEIGHT to 32m  Large, spreading tree when fully mature, with a domed crown and thick, blackish, gnarled bole covered with distinctive burrs and tuberous growths. Rather straggly, however, when growing among other trees in woods. SHOOTS And buds are<br />
smooth and golden-brown when young. LEAVES Triangular and long-stalked with a finely toothed margin and are fresh shiny green on both surfaces. REPRODUCTIVE PARTS Male catkins are pendulous and reddish, female catkins are greenish. Both appear in April. STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION Native of our region, preferring heavier soils and damp conditions. Tolerates pollution so sometimes planted in cities. It is known in the north of England as ‘Manchester Poplar’.
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  • ALEXANDERS Smyrnium olusatrum (Apiaceae) - Lundy, Devon. Height less than 1.25m. Stout and sometimes clump-forming, hairless biennial. Favours waste ground, roadside verges and hedgerows, mainly on calcareous soils. FLOWERS are yellowish and borne in umbels, 4-6cm across, with 7-15 rays (Mar-Jun). FRUITS are globular, ridged and black when ripe. LEAVES are dark green, shiny and 3 times trifoliate.
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  • Heath Spotted-orchid - Dactylorhiza maculata (Orchidaceae) Height to 50cm. Superficially similar to Common Spotted-orchid but restricted to damp, mostly acid soils on heaths and moors. FLOWERS are usually very pale, sometimes almost white, but with darker streaks and spots; the lower lip is broad and 3-lobed but the central lobe is smaller than the outer 2. Flowers borne in open spikes (May-Aug). FRUITS are egg-shaped. LEAVES are lanceolate and dark-spotted, those at the base being largest and broadest, narrower leaves sheathing the stem. STATUS-Locally common throughout.
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  • Ash Fraxinus excelsior Oleaceae Height to 40m. Deciduous tree with open crown. Bark Grey, fissured with age. Branches Ascending; grey twigs flattened at nodes with conical black buds. Leaves Pinnate, to 35cm long with 7–13 lanceolate, toothed leaflets. Reproductive parts Flowers small, purple, clustered. Fruits are single-winged ‘keys’, in bunches. Status Common native; prefers calcareous or base-rich soils.
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  • Large-leaved Lime Tilia platyphyllos (Tiliaceae) HEIGHT to 40m. Tall and often narrow deciduous tree. Bole is normally free of suckers and shoots, distinguishing this species from Lime. BARK Dark-grey with fine fissures in older trees, which can sometimes be ridged. BRANCHES Mostly ascending but with slightly pendent tips. Twigs are reddish-green and sometimes slightly downy at tip, and ovoid buds, to 6mm long, are dark red and sometimes slightly downy. LEAVES To 9cm long, sometimes to 15cm long, broadly ovate, with a short tapering point and irregularly heart-shaped base. Margins are sharply toothed, upper surface is soft and dark green and lower surface is paler and sometimes slightly hairy. REPRODUCTIVE PARTS Yellowish-white flowers are borne in clusters of up to 6 on whitish-green, slightly downy bracts, usually opening in June. Hard, woody fruit is up to 1.8cm long, almost rounded or slightly pear-shaped with 3–5 ridges; a few remain on lower branches in winter. STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION A native of lime-rich soils in Europe; in Britain it is native to central and S England and Wales, having been introduced elsewhere; it is often planted as a street tree.
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  • Common Whitebeam Sorbus aria Rosaceae Height to 25m <br />
Deciduous tree or spreading shrub. Bark Smooth and grey. Branches Spreading; twigs brown above, green below. Buds ovoid, green, tipped with hairs. Leaves Oval, to 12cm long, toothed, very hairy below. Reproductive parts Flowers white, clustered. Fruits ovoid, to 1.5cm long, red. Status Native in S mainly on chalky soils; also widely planted in towns.
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  • Hiba Thujopsis dolabrata (Cupressaceae) HEIGHT to 20m <br />
Single-boled conical tree or broad shrub on a divided trunk. LEAVES Scale-like, glossy green above with white bands below and a pointed, curved tip. Leaves clasp shoots, in opposite pairs on flat sprays. REPRODUCTIVE PARTS Small blackish male cones at shoot tips. Rounded female cones singly on ends of shoots on same tree. Mature cones about 1.2cm long, brown. STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION Native of Japan, planted here for ornament. Prefers wet regions with damp soils.
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  • Buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica Rhamnaceae Height to 10m<br />
Spreading deciduous shrub or small tree. Bark Dark orange-brown, fissured with age. Branches With slender, slightly spiny shoots. Leaves Ovate to rounded, to 6cm long, finely toothed; veins converge towards leaf tip. Reproductive parts Flowers fragrant, with 4 green petals. Fruit is black, shiny and 8mm across. Status Local native, mainly on chalky soils.
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  • Aspen Populus tremulus Salicaceae Height to 18m. Slender tree with a rounded crown. Suckers readily. Bark Ridged and fissured with age. Leaves Rounded to oval, with shallow marginal teeth, palest below; rustle in the slightest breeze and turn golden in autumn. Reproductive parts Reddish male catkins and greenish female catkins on different trees. Status Common on poor, damp soils.
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  • Buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica Rhamnaceae Height to 10m<br />
Spreading deciduous shrub or small tree. Bark Dark orange-brown, fissured with age. Branches With slender, slightly spiny shoots. Leaves Ovate to rounded, to 6cm long, finely toothed; veins converge towards leaf tip. Reproductive parts Flowers fragrant, with 4 green petals. Fruit is black, shiny and 8mm across. Status Local native, mainly on chalky soils.
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  • Alder Buckthorn Frangula alnus Rhamnaceae HEIGHT to 5m.<br />
Sprawling tree. Bark Smooth, grey with vertical furrows. Branches Spreading, twigs with fine hairs. Leaves Ovate, to 7cm long, with entire margins. Reproductive parts Flowers greenish, 5-petalled, 3mm across, in small axillary clusters. Fruits berry-like, 1cm across, green ripening yellow, red then black. Status Locally common on damp, acid soils.
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  • Bosnian Pine Pinus heldriechii (leucodermis) (Pinaceae) HEIGHT to 30m <br />
Broadly pyramidal tree with a tapering bole. BARK Grey, with irregular plates. Whitish patches appear with age. LEAVES Paired needles, to 9cm long, densely packed on shoots, stiff and projecting at right-angles, pungent. REPRODUCTIVE PARTS Cones, to 8cm long and 2.5cm across, narrowly ovoid and ripening to brown; scales have a recurved prickle. Second-year cones are deep blue. STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION Native of Balkans and SW Italy, mainly on dry mountain limestone. Planted here for ornament, thriving on free-draining soils.
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  • Common Whitebeam Sorbus aria Rosaceae Height to 25m <br />
Deciduous tree or spreading shrub. Bark Smooth and grey. Branches Spreading; twigs brown above, green below. Buds ovoid, green, tipped with hairs. Leaves Oval, to 12cm long, toothed, very hairy below. Reproductive parts Flowers white, clustered. Fruits ovoid, to 1.5cm long, red. Status Native in S mainly on chalky soils; also widely planted in towns.
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  • Buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica Rhamnaceae Height to 10m<br />
Spreading deciduous shrub or small tree. Bark Dark orange-brown, fissured with age. Branches With slender, slightly spiny shoots. Leaves Ovate to rounded, to 6cm long, finely toothed; veins converge towards leaf tip. Reproductive parts Flowers fragrant, with 4 green petals. Fruit is black, shiny and 8mm across. Status Local native, mainly on chalky soils.
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  • Black-poplar Populus nigra ssp. betulifolia (Salicaceae) HEIGHT to 32m  Large, spreading tree when fully mature, with a domed crown and thick, blackish, gnarled bole covered with distinctive burrs and tuberous growths. Rather straggly, however, when growing among other trees in woods. SHOOTS And buds are<br />
smooth and golden-brown when young. LEAVES Triangular and long-stalked with a finely toothed margin and are fresh shiny green on both surfaces. REPRODUCTIVE PARTS Male catkins are pendulous and reddish, female catkins are greenish. Both appear in April. STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION Native of our region, preferring heavier soils and damp conditions. Tolerates pollution so sometimes planted in cities. It is known in the north of England as ‘Manchester Poplar’.
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  • Aspen Populus tremula Salicaceae Height to 18m. Slender tree with a rounded crown. Suckers readily. Bark Ridged and fissured with age. Leaves Rounded to oval, with shallow marginal teeth, palest below; rustle in the slightest breeze and turn golden in autumn. Reproductive parts Reddish male catkins and greenish female catkins on different trees. Status Common on poor, damp soils.
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  • Field Maple Acer campestre Aceraceae Height to 26m <br />
Deciduous tree with rounded crown and twisted bole. Bark Grey-brown, fissured, corky. Branches Much-divided and dense. Shoots hairy, sometimes winged. Leaves To 12cm long, 3-lobed; turn yellow in autumn. Reproductive parts Yellowish flowers in erect clusters. Fruits, reddish, winged, in 4s. Status Common native of woods and hedgerows, especially on calcareous soils.
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  • Rhododendron Rhododendron ponticum (Ericaceae) HEIGHT to 5m. Evergreen ornamental shrub. BARK Reddish and scaly. BRANCHES Dense and tangled. LEAVES Shiny, leathery, elliptical and dark green. REPRODUCTIVE PARTS Flowers are 4-6cm long, bell-shaped and pinkish red; borne in clusters in May and June. Fruits are dry capsules that contain numerous, flat seeds. STATUS AND DISTRUBUTION Native of Himalayas, widely planted here and naturalised in some areas. Favours acid, damp soils.
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  • WILD LIQUORICE Astragalus glycophyllos (Fabaceae) Height to 30cm. Sprawling, hairless perennial with branched, zigzag stems. Found in dry, grassy places on calcareous soils. FLOWERS are 10-15mm long and yellowish green; in clusters (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are curved and up to 4cm long. LEAVES are 15-20cm long with oval leaflets and large basal stipules. STATUS-Local, mainly E England and S Scotland.
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  • RED GOOSEFOOT Chenopodium rubrum (Chenopodiaceae) Height to 60cm. Variable upright annual, favouring manure-enriched soils. Stems often turn red in old or parched specimens. FLOWERS are small and numerous, borne in upright, leafy spikes. FRUITS are rounded and enclosed by 2-4 sepals (Jul-Oct). LEAVES are shiny, diamond-shaped and toothed. STATUS-Widespread and common in S England; scarce elsewhere.
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  • RED GOOSEFOOT Chenopodium rubrum (Chenopodiaceae) Height to 60cm. Variable upright annual, favouring manure-enriched soils. Stems often turn red in old or parched specimens. FLOWERS are small and numerous, borne in upright, leafy spikes. FRUITS are rounded and enclosed by 2-4 sepals (Jul-Oct). LEAVES are shiny, diamond-shaped and toothed. STATUS-Widespread and common in S England; scarce elsewhere.
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  • CROWN VETCH Securigera varia (Fabaceae) Height to 1m<br />
Straggling, hairless perennial. Found in grassy places, usually on calcareous soils. FLOWERS are 10-15mm long and pink and white; borne in long-stalked, spherical heads of 10-20 flowers (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are 4-angled pods, 6cm long. LEAVES comprise 7-12 pairs of oval leaflets and a terminal leaflet. STATUS-Naturalised locally.
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  • CROWN VETCH Securigera varia (Fabaceae) Height to 1m<br />
Straggling, hairless perennial. Found in grassy places, usually on calcareous soils. FLOWERS are 10-15mm long and pink and white; borne in long-stalked, spherical heads of 10-20 flowers (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are 4-angled pods, 6cm long. LEAVES comprise 7-12 pairs of oval leaflets and a terminal leaflet. STATUS-Naturalised locally.
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  • WHITE HELLEBORINE Cephalanthera damasonium (Orchidaceae) Height to 50cm. Attractive orchid of woods and scrub on calcareous soils, often under beech (Fagus sylvatica). FLOWERS are 15-20mm long, creamy white, bell-shaped and partially open; each has a leafy bract and they are borne in tall spikes (May-Jul). FRUITS form and swell at the base of the flowers. LEAVES are broad and oval at the base, but become smaller up the stem. STATUS-Locally common in S England only.
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  • HAREBELL Campanula rotundifolia (Campanulaceae) Height to 40cm. Attractive and delicate, hairless perennial with wiry stems. Grows in dry, grassy places, both on calcareous and acid soils. FLOWERS are 15mm long, the corolla blue and bell-shaped with sharp, triangular teeth; nodding and borne on slender stalks (Jul-Oct). FRUITS are dry capsules. LEAVES comprise rounded ones at the base of the plant, which soon wither, and narrower stem leaves that persist while the plant is in flower. STATUS-Widespread and common, except in SW of the region.
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  • NARROW-LIPPED HELLEBORINE Epipactis leptochila (Orchidaceae) Height to 70cm. Slender, upright perennial. Similar to Broad-leaved Helleborine but separable with care. Grows in shady woods, mainly under Beech on chalk soils. FLOWERS comprise rather narrow, greenish white sepals and upper petals, and a narrow heart-shaped lip that is greenish white, sometimes pink-tinged towards the centre, with a tip that does not curve under; in open spikes (Jun-Jul). FRUITS are pear-shaped. LEAVES are narrow-oval. STATUS-Local, S England only.
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  • SWORD-LEAVED HELLEBORINE Cephalanthera longifolia (Orchidaceae) Height to 50cm. An elegant orchid of woods and scrub on calcareous soils. Superficially similar to White Helleborine. FLOWERS are 20mm long, pure white, bell-shaped and open more fully than those of White Helleborine; each has a leafy bract, and they are borne in tall spikes (May-Jun). FRUITS form at the base of the flowers. LEAVES are long and narrow (narrower than White Helleborine), the largest at the base. STATUS-Local and scarce, least so in SE England where it occurs in scattered colonies.
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  • LADY’S-SLIPPER ORCHID Cypripedium calceolus (Height to 50cm) is unmistakable, its truly magnificent flower comprising maroon outer perianth segments and an inflated yellow lip, 4-5cm across (May-Jun). It grows on limestone soils in N England, where it is extremely rare and its known sites protected. Occasionally, the species is discovered elsewhere in N England although the native origins of some of these plants is doubtful.
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  • BUCKTHORN Rhamnus cathartica (Rhamnaceae) Height to 8m. Deciduous, thorny shrub or small tree. Found in woodland and scrub, mainly on calcareous soils. FLOWERS are 4-5mm across and greenish yellow; borne in clusters (May). FRUITS are berries that ripen black; borne in clusters. LEAVES are 3-6cm long, oval, finely toothed and opposite. STATUS-Locally common in E England only.
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  • HEATHER Calluna vulgaris (Ericaceae) Height to 50cm<br />
Dense, evergreen undershrub that is also known as Ling. A characteristic plant of acids soils on heath and moors on all but the wettest terrain. Also occurs in mature conifer woodland. FLOWERS are 4-5mm, bell-shaped and usually pink but sometimes white; borne in spikes (Aug-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are short, narrow and borne in 4 rows along the stem. STATUS-Widespread and locally abundant throughout the region. In many heathland and moorland areas it is the dominant plant.
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  • JUNIPER Juniperus communis (Cupressaceae) Height to 5m (sometimes prostrate). Dense shrub of well-drained soils, from chalk downland to mountains. FLOWERS appear on separate sex plants; those on female plants are green and oval (much of year). FRUITS ripen in 2nd year to form blue-black berry-like cones. LEAVES are stiff, bluish green, needle-like and arranged in whorls of 3. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
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  • JUNIPER Juniperus communis (Cupressaceae) Height to 5m (sometimes prostrate). Dense shrub of well-drained soils, from chalk downland to mountains. FLOWERS appear on separate sex plants; those on female plants are green and oval (much of year). FRUITS ripen in 2nd year to form blue-black berry-like cones. LEAVES are stiff, bluish green, needle-like and arranged in whorls of 3. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
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  • PHEASANT’S-EYE Adonis annua (Ranunculaceae) Height to 40cm. Branched and hairless annual of arable fields on chalky soils. FLOWERS comprise 5-8 bright red petals that are blackish at the base (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are long-stalked, elongate and wrinkled. LEAVES are pinnately divided and feathery, upper ones partly shrouding flowers. STATUS-Rare and decreasing due to agricultural herbicides.
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  • PHEASANT’S-EYE Adonis annua (Ranunculaceae) Height to 40cm. Branched and hairless annual of arable fields on chalky soils. FLOWERS comprise 5-8 bright red petals that are blackish at the base (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are long-stalked, elongate and wrinkled. LEAVES are pinnately divided and feathery, upper ones partly shrouding flowers. STATUS-Rare and decreasing due to agricultural herbicides.
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