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  • PENDULOUS SEDGE Carex pendula (Cyperaceae) Height to 1.5m. Clump-forming sedge of damp woodlands on heavy soils. Stems are tall, arching and 3-sided. FLOWERS in inflorescences that comprise 1-2 male spikes above 4-5 long, drooping and unstalked female spikes (Jun-Jul). FRUITS are flattened, greyish and short-beaked. LEAVES are long, yellowish and up to 2cm wide. STATUS-Locally common.
    136489.jpg
  • Dawn over the River Thames from Wittenham Clumps near Dorchester, Oxfordshire, Uk
    154554.jpg
  • TUFTED HAIR-GRASS Deschampsia cespitosa Height to 1.5m<br />
Tufted, clump-forming perennial of damp grassland, woodland rides and marshes. FLOWERS are borne in a long-stemmed inflorescence comprising spreading clusters of 2-flowered, silvery purple spikelets (Jun-Jul). FRUITS are small, dry nutlets. LEAVES are dark green, wiry and narrow with rough edges. STATUS-Widespread and common.
    131830.jpg
  • FIELD-ROSE Rosa arvensis (Rosaceae) Height to 1m<br />
Clump-forming shrub whose weak, trailing and purplish stems carry small numbers of curved thorns. Associated with woodland margins, hedgerows and scrub. FLOWERS are 3-5cm across with 5 white petals and styles united to form a column at least as long as the stamens; borne in clusters of up to 6 flowers (Jul-Aug). FRUITS are rounded to ovoid red hips, with sepals not persisting. LEAVES have 5-7 oval leaflets. STATUS-Widespread and common in England, Wales and Ireland; almost absent from Scotland.
    131321.jpg
  • YELLOW HORNED-POPPY Glaucium flavum (Papaveraceae) Height to 50cm. Blue-grey, clump-forming perennial of shingle beaches. FLOWERS are 6-9cm across with overlapping yellow petals (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are elongated, curved capsules up to 30cm long. LEAVES are pinnately divided, the clasping upper ones having shallow, toothed lobes. STATUS-Locally common on most suitable coasts although absent from far N.
    145306.jpg
  • YELLOW HORNED-POPPY Glaucium flavum (Papaveraceae) Height to 50cm. Blue-grey, clump-forming perennial of shingle beaches. FLOWERS are 6-9cm across with overlapping yellow petals (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are elongated, curved capsules up to 30cm long. LEAVES are pinnately divided, the clasping upper ones having shallow, toothed lobes. STATUS-Locally common on most suitable coasts although absent from far N.
    131055.jpg
  • MISTLETOE Viscum album (Viscaceae)  D to 1m<br />
Woody, evergreen parasite with evenly forked branches. It forms large, spherical clumps among branches of host trees, mainly apple (often in cultivation), lime and poplars. FLOWERS are inconspicuous (Feb-Apr). FRUITS are white and sticky. LEAVES are oval, yellowish green and borne in opposite pairs. STATUS-Widespread but local.
    144560.jpg
  • MISTLETOE Viscum album (Viscaceae)  D to 1m<br />
Woody, evergreen parasite with evenly forked branches. It forms large, spherical clumps among branches of host trees, mainly apple (often in cultivation), lime and poplars. FLOWERS are inconspicuous (Feb-Apr). FRUITS are white and sticky. LEAVES are oval, yellowish green and borne in opposite pairs. STATUS-Widespread but local.
    132596.jpg
  • MISTLETOE Viscum album (Viscaceae)  D to 1m<br />
Woody, evergreen parasite with evenly forked branches. It forms large, spherical clumps among branches of host trees, mainly apple (often in cultivation), lime and poplars. FLOWERS are inconspicuous (Feb-Apr). FRUITS are white and sticky. LEAVES are oval, yellowish green and borne in opposite pairs. STATUS-Widespread but local.
    132592.jpg
  • MISTLETOE Viscum album (Viscaceae)  D to 1m<br />
Woody, evergreen parasite with evenly forked branches. It forms large, spherical clumps among branches of host trees, mainly apple (often in cultivation), lime and poplars. FLOWERS are inconspicuous (Feb-Apr). FRUITS are white and sticky. LEAVES are oval, yellowish green and borne in opposite pairs. STATUS-Widespread but local.
    144559.jpg
  • Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia L 13cm. Skulking, unobtrusive warbler, heard more often than it is seen. Sexes are similar. Adult has streaked olive-brown upperparts; underparts are paler but flushed buffish brown on breast. Long undertail coverts are adorned with dark streaks. Juvenile is similar but underparts are usually tinged yellow-buff. Voice Utters a sharp tssvet call. Song is reeling and insect-like; sung mainly at night. Almost inaudible to people with poor hearing. Status Local summer visitor to rank grassland with bramble patches and clumps of rushes.
    137850.jpg
  • MISTLETOE Viscum album (Viscaceae)  D to 1m<br />
Woody, evergreen parasite with evenly forked branches. It forms large, spherical clumps among branches of host trees, mainly apple (often in cultivation), lime and poplars. FLOWERS are inconspicuous (Feb-Apr). FRUITS are white and sticky. LEAVES are oval, yellowish green and borne in opposite pairs. STATUS-Widespread but local.
    144558.jpg
  • Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia L 13cm. Skulking, unobtrusive warbler, heard more often than it is seen. Sexes are similar. Adult has streaked olive-brown upperparts; underparts are paler but flushed buffish brown on breast. Long undertail coverts are adorned with dark streaks. Juvenile is similar but underparts are usually tinged yellow-buff. Voice Utters a sharp tssvet call. Song is reeling and insect-like; sung mainly at night. Almost inaudible to people with poor hearing. Status Local summer visitor to rank grassland with bramble patches and clumps of rushes.
    137863.jpg
  • Evening light over Wittenham Clumps in the Sinodun Hills with signpost and information board, near Wallingford, Oxfordshire, Uk
    154870.jpg
  • Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia L 13cm. Skulking, unobtrusive warbler, heard more often than it is seen. Sexes are similar. Adult has streaked olive-brown upperparts; underparts are paler but flushed buffish brown on breast. Long undertail coverts are adorned with dark streaks. Juvenile is similar but underparts are usually tinged yellow-buff. Voice Utters a sharp tssvet call. Song is reeling and insect-like; sung mainly at night. Almost inaudible to people with poor hearing. Status Local summer visitor to rank grassland with bramble patches and clumps of rushes.
    137862.jpg
  • Evening light over Wittenham Clumps in the Sinodun Hills with signpost and information board, near Wallingford, Oxfordshire, Uk
    154869.jpg
  • MEADOW CRANE’S-BILL Geranium pratense (Geraniaceae) Height to 75cm. Hairy, clump-forming perennial of meadows and verges, mostly on base-rich soils. FLOWERS are 3-3.5cm across with 5 rounded, bluish lilac petals; borne in pairs on stalks (Jun-Aug). FRUITS end in a long ‘beak’. LEAVES are deeply divided into 5-7 jagged lobes. STATUS-Locally common, except in SE England, N Scotland and Ireland.
    136596.jpg
  • MISTLETOE Viscum album (Viscaceae)  D to 1m<br />
Woody, evergreen parasite with evenly forked branches. It forms large, spherical clumps among branches of host trees, mainly apple (often in cultivation), lime and poplars. FLOWERS are inconspicuous (Feb-Apr). FRUITS are white and sticky. LEAVES are oval, yellowish green and borne in opposite pairs. STATUS-Widespread but local.
    144561.jpg
  • MISTLETOE Viscum album (Viscaceae)  D to 1m<br />
Woody, evergreen parasite with evenly forked branches. It forms large, spherical clumps among branches of host trees, mainly apple (often in cultivation), lime and poplars. FLOWERS are inconspicuous (Feb-Apr). FRUITS are white and sticky. LEAVES are oval, yellowish green and borne in opposite pairs. STATUS-Widespread but local.
    144562.jpg
  • Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia L 13cm. Skulking, unobtrusive warbler, heard more often than it is seen. Sexes are similar. Adult has streaked olive-brown upperparts; underparts are paler but flushed buffish brown on breast. Long undertail coverts are adorned with dark streaks. Juvenile is similar but underparts are usually tinged yellow-buff. Voice Utters a sharp tssvet call. Song is reeling and insect-like; sung mainly at night. Almost inaudible to people with poor hearing. Status Local summer visitor to rank grassland with bramble patches and clumps of rushes.
    104782.jpg
  • Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia L 13cm. Skulking, unobtrusive warbler, heard more often than it is seen. Sexes are similar. Adult has streaked olive-brown upperparts; underparts are paler but flushed buffish brown on breast. Long undertail coverts are adorned with dark streaks. Juvenile is similar but underparts are usually tinged yellow-buff. Voice Utters a sharp tssvet call. Song is reeling and insect-like; sung mainly at night. Almost inaudible to people with poor hearing. Status Local summer visitor to rank grassland with bramble patches and clumps of rushes.
    125697.jpg
  • BURNET ROSE Rosa pimpinellifolia (Rosaceae) Height to 50cm. Clump-forming shrub with suckers and stems that bear numerous straight thorns and stiff bristles. Associated mainly with sand dunes, calcareous grasslands, limestone pavements and heaths. FLOWERS are 3-5cm across with 5 creamy white petals; usually solitary (May-Jul). FRUITS are spherical, 5-6mm across and purplish black when ripe. LEAVES comprise 7-11 oval leaflets. STATUS-Widespread but only locally common.
    132237.jpg
  • BURNET ROSE Rosa pimpinellifolia (Rosaceae) Height to 50cm. Clump-forming shrub with suckers and stems that bear numerous straight thorns and stiff bristles. Associated mainly with sand dunes, calcareous grasslands, limestone pavements and heaths. FLOWERS are 3-5cm across with 5 creamy white petals; usually solitary (May-Jul). FRUITS are spherical, 5-6mm across and purplish black when ripe. LEAVES comprise 7-11 oval leaflets. STATUS-Widespread but only locally common.
    132234.jpg
  • Grasshopper Warbler - Locustella naevia. L 13cm. Skulking, unobtrusive warbler, heard more often than it is seen. Sexes are similar. Adult has streaked olive-brown upperparts; underparts are paler but flushed buffish brown on breast. Long undertail coverts are adorned with dark streaks. Juvenile is similar but underparts are usually tinged yellow-buff. Voice Utters a sharp tssvet call. Song is reeling and insect-like; sung mainly at night. Almost inaudible to people with poor hearing. Status Local summer visitor to rank grassland with bramble patches and clumps of rushes.
    157987.jpg
  • Yellow Horned-poppy - Glaucium flavum
    162284.jpg
  • Common Inkcap - Coprinopsis atramentaria
    135607.jpg
  • Common Inkcap - Coprinopsis atramentaria
    135606.jpg
  • Grasshopper Warbler - Locustella naevia
    158163.jpg
  • Common Inkcap - Coprinopsis atramentaria
    135605.jpg
  • Grasshopper Warbler - Locustella naevia
    158164.jpg
  • Grasshopper Warbler - Locustella naevia
    158162.jpg
  • Common Inkcap - Coprinopsis atramentaria
    135604.jpg
  • Horn of Plenty - Craterellus cornucopioides
    135346.jpg
  • Horn of Plenty - Craterellus cornucopioides
    135345.jpg
  • Tufted Hair-grass - Deschampsia cespitosa
    161305.jpg
  • Yellow Horned-poppy - Glaucium flavum
    159312.jpg
  • The River Thames at Day's Lock looking towards Wittenham Clumps, Oxfordshire, Uk
    154532.jpg
  • River Thames and Day's Lock from Wittenham Clumps near Wallingford, Oxfordshire, Uk
    154559.jpg
  • Evening light over the River Thames and Day's Lock from Wittenham Clumps near Wallingford, Oxfordshire, Uk
    154441.jpg
  • SEA BEET Beta vulgaris ssp maritima (Chenopodiaceae) Height to 1m. Sprawling, clump-forming perennial of cliffs, shingle beaches and other coastal habitats. FLOWERS are green and borne in dense, leafy spikes (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are spiky; often stick together in a clump. LEAVES are dark green, glossy and leathery with reddish stems; shape varies from oval to triangular. STATUS-Locally common.
    134798.jpg
  • SEA BEET Beta vulgaris ssp maritima (Chenopodiaceae) Height to 1m. Sprawling, clump-forming perennial of cliffs, shingle beaches and other coastal habitats. FLOWERS are green and borne in dense, leafy spikes (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are spiky; often stick together in a clump. LEAVES are dark green, glossy and leathery with reddish stems; shape varies from oval to triangular. STATUS-Locally common.
    134785.jpg
  • SEA BEET Beta vulgaris ssp maritima (Chenopodiaceae) Height to 1m. Sprawling, clump-forming perennial of cliffs, shingle beaches and other coastal habitats. FLOWERS are green and borne in dense, leafy spikes (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are spiky; often stick together in a clump. LEAVES are dark green, glossy and leathery with reddish stems; shape varies from oval to triangular. STATUS-Locally common.
    130905.jpg
  • SEA BEET Beta vulgaris ssp maritima (Chenopodiaceae) Height to 1m. Sprawling, clump-forming perennial of cliffs, shingle beaches and other coastal habitats. FLOWERS are green and borne in dense, leafy spikes (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are spiky; often stick together in a clump. LEAVES are dark green, glossy and leathery with reddish stems; shape varies from oval to triangular. STATUS-Locally common.
    134783.jpg
  • BURNET ROSE Rosa pimpinellifolia (Rosaceae) Height to 50cm<br />
Clump-forming shrub with suckers and stems that bear numerous straight thorns and stiff bristles. Associated mainly with sand dunes, calcareous grasslands, limestone pavements and heaths. FLOWERS are 3-5cm across with 5 creamy white petals; usually solitary (May-Jul). FRUITS are spherical, 5-6mm across and purplish black when ripe. LEAVES comprise 7-11 oval leaflets.
    103074.jpg
  • VIOLET HELLEBORINE Epipactis purpurata (Orchidaceae) Height to 75cm. Upright and clump-forming perennial with stems strongly violet-tinged. Similar to Broad-leaved Helleborine. Grows in shady woods, mostly under Beech on chalk soils. FLOWERS comprise rather narrow sepals and upper petals that are greenish white inside, and a heart-shaped whitish lip that is tinged purplish towards the centre; borne in spikes (Aug-Sep). FRUITS are pear-shaped. LEAVES are narrow and parallel-sided. STATUS-Local, mainly S England.
    131706.jpg
  • Violet Helleborin -, Epipactis purpurata - var.rosea. Height to 75cm. Upright and clump-forming perennial with stems strongly violet-tinged. Similar to Broad-leaved Helleborine. Grows in shady woods, mostly under Beech on chalk soils. FLOWERS comprise rather narrow sepals and upper petals that are greenish white inside, and a heart-shaped whitish lip that is tinged purplish towards the centre; borne in spikes (Aug-Sep). FRUITS are pear-shaped. LEAVES are narrow and parallel-sided. STATUS-Local, mainly S England.
    156687.jpg
  • BROAD-LEAVED HELLEBORINE Epipactis helleborine (Orchidaceae) - being pollinated by wasp. Height to 75cm. Upright and clump-forming perennial with rather downy stems. Grows in shady woodland and scrub. FLOWERS comprise broad, greenish sepals that are tinged purple around the margins, broad upper petals that are strongly purple tinged, and purplish, heart-shaped lip, the tip of which is usually curved under; borne in dense spikes of up to 100 flowers (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are pear-shaped. LEAVES are broadly oval and strongly veined. STATUS-Locally common in most parts, except N Scotland.
    156629.jpg
  • BROAD-LEAVED HELLEBORINE Epipactis helleborine (Orchidaceae) Height to 75cm. Upright and clump-forming perennial with rather downy stems. Grows in shady woodland and scrub. FLOWERS comprise broad, greenish sepals that are tinged purple around the margins, broad upper petals that are strongly purple tinged, and purplish, heart-shaped lip, the tip of which is usually curved under; borne in dense spikes of up to 100 flowers (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are pear-shaped. LEAVES are broadly oval and strongly veined. STATUS-Locally common in most parts, except N Scotland.
    131713.jpg
  • FIELD-ROSE Rosa arvensis (Rosaceae) Height to 1m<br />
Clump-forming shrub whose weak, trailing and purplish stems carry small numbers of curved thorns. Associated with woodland margins, hedgerows and scrub. FLOWERS are 3-5cm across with 5 white petals and styles united to form a column at least as long as the stamens; borne in clusters of up to 6 flowers (Jul-Aug). FRUITS are rounded to ovoid red hips, with sepals not persisting. LEAVES have 5-7 oval leaflets. STATUS-Widespread and common in England, Wales and Ireland; almost absent from Scotland.
    131202.jpg
  • YELLOW SAXIFRAGE Saxifraga aizoides (Saxifragaceae) Height to 20cm. Colourful, clump-forming perennial of streamsides and damp ground in mountains.<br />
FLOWERS are 10-15mm across with bright yellow petals; borne in clusters of 1-10 flowers (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are dry capsules. LEAVES are fleshy, narrow, toothed and unstalked. STATUS-Locally common in N England, Scotland and N Ireland.
    120603.jpg
  • ALEXANDERS Smyrnium olusatrum (Apiaceae)  Height less than 1.25m. Stout and sometimes clump-forming, hairless biennial. Favours waste ground, roadside verges and hedgerows, mainly on calcareous soils. FLOWERS are yellowish and borne in umbels, 4-6cm across, with 7-15 rays (Mar-Jun). FRUITS are globular, ridged and black when ripe. LEAVES are dark green, shiny and 3 times trifoliate.
    108087.jpg
  • ALEXANDERS Smyrnium olusatrum (Apiaceae) Height to 1.25m. Stout and sometimes clump-forming, hairless biennial. Favours waste ground, roadside verges and hedgerows, mainly on calcareous soils. FLOWERS are yellowish and borne in umbels, 4-6cm across, with 7-15 rays (Mar-Jun). FRUITS are globular, ridged and black when ripe. LEAVES are dark green, shiny and 3 times trifoliate. STATUS-Introduced but widely naturalised, mainly on S and SE coasts of England and Ireland.
    143222.jpg
  • BURNET ROSE Rosa pimpinellifolia (Rosaceae) Height to 50cm. Clump-forming shrub with suckers and stems that bear numerous straight thorns and stiff bristles. Associated mainly with sand dunes, calcareous grasslands, limestone pavements and heaths. FLOWERS are 3-5cm across with 5 creamy white petals; usually solitary (May-Jul). FRUITS are spherical, 5-6mm across and purplish black when ripe. LEAVES comprise 7-11 oval leaflets. STATUS-Widespread but only locally common.
    143389.jpg
  • YELLOW SAXIFRAGE Saxifraga aizoides (Saxifragaceae) Height to 20cm. Colourful, clump-forming perennial of streamsides and damp ground in mountains. FLOWERS are 10-15mm across with bright yellow petals; borne in clusters of 1-10 flowers (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are dry capsules. LEAVES are fleshy, narrow, toothed and unstalked. STATUS-Locally common in N England, Scotland and N Ireland.
    144621.jpg
  • VIOLET HELLEBORINE Epipactis purpurata (Orchidaceae) Height to 75cm. Upright and clump-forming perennial with stems strongly violet-tinged. Similar to Broad-leaved Helleborine. Grows in shady woods, mostly under Beech on chalk soils. FLOWERS comprise rather narrow sepals and upper petals that are greenish white inside, and a heart-shaped whitish lip that is tinged purplish towards the centre; borne in spikes (Aug-Sep). FRUITS are pear-shaped. LEAVES are narrow and parallel-sided. STATUS-Local, mainly S England.
    131704.jpg
  • BROAD-LEAVED HELLEBORINE Epipactis helleborine (Orchidaceae) Height to 75cm. Upright and clump-forming perennial with rather downy stems. Grows in shady woodland and scrub. FLOWERS comprise broad, greenish sepals that are tinged purple around the margins, broad upper petals that are strongly purple tinged, and purplish, heart-shaped lip, the tip of which is usually curved under; borne in dense spikes of up to 100 flowers (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are pear-shaped. LEAVES are broadly oval and strongly veined. STATUS-Locally common in most parts, except N Scotland.
    131685.jpg
  • YELLOW HORNED-POPPY Glaucium flavum (Papaveraceae) Height to 50cm. Blue-grey, clump-forming perennial of shingle beaches. FLOWERS are 6-9cm across with overlapping yellow petals (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are elongated, curved capsules up to 30cm long. LEAVES are pinnately divided, the clasping upper ones having shallow, toothed lobes. STATUS-Locally common on most suitable coasts although absent from far N.
    131056.jpg
  • BLOODY CRANE’S-BILL Geranium sanguineum (Geraniaceae) Height to 25cm<br />
Clump-forming perennial found in calcareous grassland and limestone pavements. FLOWERS are 2-3cm across and 5 deep reddish purple; solitary on long stalks (Jun-Aug). FRUITS end in a long ‘beak’. LEAVES are deeply divided, almost to the base, into 5-7 lobes.
    103083.jpg
  • BURNET ROSE Rosa pimpinellifolia (Rosaceae) Height to 50cm. Clump-forming shrub with suckers and stems that bear numerous straight thorns and stiff bristles. Associated mainly with sand dunes, calcareous grasslands, limestone pavements and heaths. FLOWERS are 3-5cm across with 5 creamy white petals; usually solitary (May-Jul). FRUITS are spherical, 5-6mm across and purplish black when ripe. LEAVES comprise 7-11 oval leaflets. STATUS-Widespread but only locally common.
    143390.jpg
  • ALEXANDERS Smyrnium olusatrum (Apiaceae) - Lundy, Devon. Height less than 1.25m. Stout and sometimes clump-forming, hairless biennial. Favours waste ground, roadside verges and hedgerows, mainly on calcareous soils. FLOWERS are yellowish and borne in umbels, 4-6cm across, with 7-15 rays (Mar-Jun). FRUITS are globular, ridged and black when ripe. LEAVES are dark green, shiny and 3 times trifoliate
    155424.jpg
  • MEADOW CRANE’S-BILL Geranium pratense (Geraniaceae) Height to 75cm. Hairy, clump-forming perennial of meadows and verges, mostly on base-rich soils. FLOWERS are 3-3.5cm across with 5 rounded, bluish lilac petals; borne in pairs on stalks (Jun-Aug). FRUITS end in a long ‘beak’. LEAVES are deeply divided into 5-7 jagged lobes. STATUS-Locally common, except in SE England, N Scotland and Ireland.
    131696.jpg
  • YELLOW HORNED-POPPY Glaucium flavum (Papaveraceae) Height to 50cm. Blue-grey, clump-forming perennial of shingle beaches. FLOWERS are 6-9cm across with overlapping yellow petals (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are elongated, curved capsules up to 30cm long. LEAVES are pinnately divided, the clasping upper ones having shallow, toothed lobes. STATUS-Locally common on most suitable coasts although absent from far N.
    120690.jpg
  • DORSET HEATH Erica ciliaris (Ericaceae) Height to 50cm<br />
Clump-forming, evergreen undershrub that favours damp, acid soils on heathlands.<br />
FLOWERS are 8-10cm long, elongate egg-shaped and pinkish purple with projecting styles; the flowers opening in succession from the bottom and so the spikes taper towards the top (Jul-Sep). FRUITS are hairless capsules. LEAVES are narrow with bristly margins; borne in whorls of 3. STATUS-Local, restricted to SW England and W Ireland; locally common on Dorset heaths. Note – this species hybridises with Cross-leaved Heath, the result having ciliaris-like flowers and tetralix-like leaves.
    119259.jpg
  • Red Fescue (Festuca rubra) HEIGHT to 50cm. Clump-forming perennial of grassy places. FLOWERS In an inflorescence, the spikelets 7-10mm long and usually reddish (May-July). FRUITS Small, dry nutlets. LEAVES Either narrow, wiry and stiff, or flat (on floweringstems).
    106577.jpg
  • Violet Helleborin -, Epipactis purpurata - var.rosea. Height to 75cm. Upright and clump-forming perennial with stems strongly violet-tinged. Similar to Broad-leaved Helleborine. Grows in shady woods, mostly under Beech on chalk soils. FLOWERS comprise rather narrow sepals and upper petals that are greenish white inside, and a heart-shaped whitish lip that is tinged purplish towards the centre; borne in spikes (Aug-Sep). FRUITS are pear-shaped. LEAVES are narrow and parallel-sided. STATUS-Local, mainly S England.
    156688.jpg
  • VIOLET HELLEBORINE Epipactis purpurata (Orchidaceae) Height to 75cm. Upright and clump-forming perennial with stems strongly violet-tinged. Similar to Broad-leaved Helleborine. Grows in shady woods, mostly under Beech on chalk soils. FLOWERS comprise rather narrow sepals and upper petals that are greenish white inside, and a heart-shaped whitish lip that is tinged purplish towards the centre; borne in spikes (Aug-Sep). FRUITS are pear-shaped. LEAVES are narrow and parallel-sided. STATUS-Local, mainly S England.
    156686.jpg
  • ALEXANDERS Smyrnium olusatrum (Apiaceae) - Lundy, Devon. Height less than 1.25m. Stout and sometimes clump-forming, hairless biennial. Favours waste ground, roadside verges and hedgerows, mainly on calcareous soils. FLOWERS are yellowish and borne in umbels, 4-6cm across, with 7-15 rays (Mar-Jun). FRUITS are globular, ridged and black when ripe. LEAVES are dark green, shiny and 3 times trifoliate.
    155423.jpg
  • VIOLET HELLEBORINE Epipactis purpurata (Orchidaceae) Height to 75cm. Upright and clump-forming perennial with stems strongly violet-tinged. Similar to Broad-leaved Helleborine. Grows in shady woods, mostly under Beech on chalk soils. FLOWERS comprise rather narrow sepals and upper petals that are greenish white inside, and a heart-shaped whitish lip that is tinged purplish towards the centre; borne in spikes (Aug-Sep). FRUITS are pear-shaped. LEAVES are narrow and parallel-sided. STATUS-Local, mainly S England.
    131702.jpg
  • FIELD-ROSE Rosa arvensis (Rosaceae) Height to 1m<br />
Clump-forming shrub whose weak, trailing and purplish stems carry small numbers of curved thorns. Associated with woodland margins, hedgerows and scrub. FLOWERS are 3-5cm across with 5 white petals and styles united to form a column at least as long as the stamens; borne in clusters of up to 6 flowers (Jul-Aug). FRUITS are rounded to ovoid red hips, with sepals not persisting. LEAVES have 5-7 oval leaflets. STATUS-Widespread and common in England, Wales and Ireland; almost absent from Scotland.
    131200.jpg
  • Height to 1.5m. Clump-forming sedge of damp woodlands on heavy soils. Stems are tall, arching and 3-sided. Flowers in inflorescences comprising 1-2 male spikes above 4-5 long, drooping, unstalked female spikes (June-July). Fruits flattened, greyish, short-beaked. Leaves long, yellowish, up to 2cm wide.
    115483.jpg
  • Rook Corvus frugilegus L 43-48cm. Familiar farmland bird. Feeds in large flocks (mainly on soil invertebrates) and occupies noisy colonial tree nest sites. Sexes are similar. Adult has black plumage with reddish-purple sheen. Bill is long, narrow and rather pointed; note bare patch of whitish skin at base. Juvenile is similar but skin at base of bill is feathered. Voice Utters a grating craah-craah-craah… call. Status Locally common resident, found mainly on farmland and grassland. Builds large twig nests in clumps of tall trees
    158086.jpg
  • Rook - Corvus frugilegus. L 43-48cm. Familiar farmland bird. Feeds in large flocks (mainly on soil invertebrates) and occupies noisy colonial tree nest sites. Sexes are similar. Adult has black plumage with reddish-purple sheen. Bill is long, narrow and rather pointed; note bare patch of whitish skin at base. Juvenile is similar but skin at base of bill is feathered. Voice Utters a grating craah-craah-craah… call. Status Locally common resident, found mainly on farmland and grassland. Builds large twig nests in clumps of tall trees.
    157223.jpg
  • Rook Corvus frugilegus L 43-48cm. Familiar farmland bird. Feeds in large flocks (mainly on soil invertebrates) and occupies noisy colonial tree nest sites. Sexes are similar. Adult has black plumage with reddish-purple sheen. Bill is long, narrow and rather pointed; note bare patch of whitish skin at base. Juvenile is similar but skin at base of bill is feathered. Voice Utters a grating craah-craah-craah… call. Status Locally common resident, found mainly on farmland and grassland. Builds large twig nests in clumps of tall trees.
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  • Rook Corvus frugilegus L 43-48cm. Familiar farmland bird. Feeds in large flocks (mainly on soil invertebrates) and occupies noisy colonial tree nest sites. Sexes are similar. Adult has black plumage with reddish-purple sheen. Bill is long, narrow and rather pointed; note bare patch of whitish skin at base. Juvenile is similar but skin at base of bill is feathered. Voice Utters a grating craah-craah-craah… call. Status Locally common resident, found mainly on farmland and grassland. Builds large twig nests in clumps of tall trees
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  • Rook Corvus frugilegus L 43-48cm. Familiar farmland bird. Feeds in large flocks (mainly on soil invertebrates) and occupies noisy colonial tree nest sites. Sexes are similar. Adult has black plumage with reddish-purple sheen. Bill is long, narrow and rather pointed; note bare patch of whitish skin at base. Juvenile is similar but skin at base of bill is feathered. Voice Utters a grating craah-craah-craah… call. Status Locally common resident, found mainly on farmland and grassland. Builds large twig nests in clumps of tall trees
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  • Rook Corvus frugilegus L 43-48cm. Familiar farmland bird. Feeds in large flocks (mainly on soil invertebrates) and occupies noisy colonial tree nest sites. Sexes are similar. Adult has black plumage with reddish-purple sheen. Bill is long, narrow and rather pointed; note bare patch of whitish skin at base. Juvenile is similar but skin at base of bill is feathered. Voice Utters a grating craah-craah-craah… call. Status Locally common resident, found mainly on farmland and grassland. Builds large twig nests in clumps of tall trees.
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  • Rook Corvus frugilegus - Immature. L 43-48cm. Familiar farmland bird. Feeds in large flocks (mainly on soil invertebrates) and occupies noisy colonial tree nest sites. Sexes are similar. Adult has black plumage with reddish-purple sheen. Bill is long, narrow and rather pointed; note bare patch of whitish skin at base. Juvenile is similar but skin at base of bill is feathered. Voice Utters a grating craah-craah-craah… call. Status Locally common resident, found mainly on farmland and grassland. Builds large twig nests in clumps of tall trees.
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  • Rook Corvus frugilegus - Juvenile. L 43-48cm. Familiar farmland bird. Feeds in large flocks (mainly on soil invertebrates) and occupies noisy colonial tree nest sites. Sexes are similar. Adult has black plumage with reddish-purple sheen. Bill is long, narrow and rather pointed; note bare patch of whitish skin at base. Juvenile is similar but skin at base of bill is feathered. Voice Utters a grating craah-craah-craah… call. Status Locally common resident, found mainly on farmland and grassland. Builds large twig nests in clumps of tall trees.
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  • Rook Corvus frugilegus L 43-48cm. Familiar farmland bird. Feeds in large flocks (mainly on soil invertebrates) and occupies noisy colonial tree nest sites. Sexes are similar. Adult has black plumage with reddish-purple sheen. Bill is long, narrow and rather pointed; note bare patch of whitish skin at base. Juvenile is similar but skin at base of bill is feathered. Voice Utters a grating craah-craah-craah… call. Status Locally common resident, found mainly on farmland and grassland. Builds large twig nests in clumps of tall trees.
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  • Cetti’s Warbler - Cettia cetti. L 14cm. Unobtrusive wetland warbler whose loud song is heard more than bird is seen. Sexes are similar. Adult and juvenile have dark reddish brown upperparts, including tail. Underparts are pale: has whitish throat, grey face and breast, grey-buff belly. Legs are reddish and bill is dark-tipped. Voice Utters a loud pluut call. Song is explosive chee, chippi-chippi-chippi. Most vocal in spring but snatches of song are heard at other times. Status Recent colonist, now a local resident of scrubby margins of marshes and clumps of bushes in extensive reedbeds.
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  • Rook - Corvus frugilegus - juvenile. L 43-48cm. Familiar farmland bird. Feeds in large flocks (mainly on soil invertebrates) and occupies noisy colonial tree nest sites. Sexes are similar. Adult has black plumage with reddish-purple sheen. Bill is long, narrow and rather pointed; note bare patch of whitish skin at base. Juvenile is similar but skin at base of bill is feathered. Voice Utters a grating craah-craah-craah… call. Status Locally common resident, found mainly on farmland and grassland. Builds large twig nests in clumps of tall trees.
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  • Sea Purslane (Atriplex portulacoides) at Holme Nature Reserve on the Norfolk coast. Height to 1m. Spreading, mealy perennial that sometimes forms rounded clumps. Entirely coastal, and restricted to drier reaches of saltmarshes. FLOWERS are yellowish and borne in spikes (Jul-Oct). FRUITS are lobed. LEAVES are grey-green and oval at the base but narrow further up the stem. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
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  • SEA PURSLANE Atriplex portulacoides (Chenopodiaceae) Height to 1m. Spreading, mealy perennial that sometimes forms rounded clumps. Entirely coastal, and restricted to drier reaches of saltmarshes. FLOWERS are yellowish and borne in spikes (Jul-Oct). FRUITS are lobed. LEAVES are grey-green and oval at the base but narrow further up the stem. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
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  • SEA-KALE Crambe maritima (Brassicaceae) Height to 50cm<br />
Robust perennial. Forms domed and expansive clumps on shingle and sandy beaches. FLOWERS are 6-12mm across with 4 whitish petals; in flat-topped clusters (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are oval pods. LEAVES are fleshy with wavy margins; lowers ones 25cm long and long-stalked. STATUS-Very locally common around coasts of England, Wales and Ireland.
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  • ROCK SEA-SPURREY Spergularia rupicola (Caryophyllaceae) Height to 20cm. Stickily hairy perennial, often with purplish stems. Found on cliffs and rocky places near the sea. Sometimes forms clumps with woody bases. FLOWERS are pink, 5-petalled (petals and sepals equal) and 8-10mm across (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are narrow, flattened and fleshy; borne in whorls. STATUS-Locally common in W.
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  • LESSER TWAYBLADE Listera cordata (Orchidaceae) Height to 20cm. Charming little orchid of moorland and conifer forests. Surprisingly easy to overlook on account of its size, and because it often grows under clumps of Heather. FLOWERS are small (2-3mm long) and reddish, comprising a hood and a forked lip; borne on a reddish stem, in a loose spike of 5-12 flowers (Jun-Aug). FRUITS form at the base of the flowers, altering the appearance of the reddish flowering spike very little. LEAVES comprise a pair of oval basal leaves, up to 4cm long. STATUS-Widespread but distinctly local in northern and north-west regions. Scarce or absent south of north Wales, the species’ southernmost outpost being on Exmoor.
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  • ROCK SEA-SPURREY Spergularia rupicola (Caryophyllaceae) Height to 20cm. Stickily hairy perennial, often with purplish stems. Found on cliffs and rocky places near the sea. Sometimes forms clumps with woody bases. FLOWERS are pink, 5-petalled (petals and sepals equal) and 8-10mm across (Jun-Sep). FRUITS are capsules. LEAVES are narrow, flattened and fleshy; borne in whorls. STATUS-Locally common in W.
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  • SEA RUSH Juncus maritimus (Juncaceae) Height to 1m<br />
Upright, stiff perennial that forms clumps and grows in the drier upper reaches of saltmarshes, and among coastal rocks. FLOWERS are pale yellow and borne in loose clusters below a sharp-pointed bract (Jun-Jul). FRUITS are brown, bluntly pointed equal length to sepals. LEAVES are sharply pointed. STATUS-Locally common on coasts.
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  • HEMLOCK WATER-DROPWORT Oenanthe crocata (Apiaceae) Height to 1.25m. Distinctive and highly poisonous perennial that sometimes forms sizeable clumps. The stems are hollow and grooved and the plant smells of Parsley. Found in damp meadows and ditches. FLOWERS are white and borne in domed umbels, 5-10cm across, with 10-40 rays and numerous bracts (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are cylindrical, with long styles. LEAVES are 2-4 times pinnately divided with toothed, tapering lobes. STATUS-Widespread but locally common only in S and W Britain; scarce in, or absent from, much of the N.
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  • LESSER CELANDINE Ranunculus ficaria (Ranunculaceae) Height to 25cm. Perennial of hedgerows, open woodland and bare ground, sometimes forming clumps or patches. FLOWERS are 20-30mm across with 8-12 shiny yellow petals and 3 sepals (Mar-May); open only in sunshine. FRUITS are borne in a rounded head. LEAVES are heart-shaped, glossy and dark green. STATUS-Widespread and common.
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  • SEA PURSLANE Atriplex portulacoides (Chenopodiaceae) Height to 1m. Spreading, mealy perennial that sometimes forms rounded clumps. Entirely coastal, and restricted to drier reaches of saltmarshes. FLOWERS are yellowish and borne in spikes (Jul-Oct). FRUITS are lobed. LEAVES are grey-green and oval at the base but narrow further up the stem. STATUS-Widespread and locally common.
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  • ANNUAL SEA-BLITE Suaeda maritima (Chenopodiaceae) Height 50cm. Much-branched annual of saltmarshes. Forms small clumps that vary from yellowish green to reddish. FLOWERS are tiny and green; 1-3 appear in axils of upper leaves (Aug-Oct). FRUITS produce dark, flattish seeds. LEAVES are succulent, cylindrical and pointed. STATUS-Widespread and locally common on all suitable coasts.
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  • HEMLOCK WATER-DROPWORT Oenanthe crocata (Apiaceae) Height to 1.25m. Distinctive and highly poisonous perennial that sometimes forms sizeable clumps. The stems are hollow and grooved and the plant smells of Parsley. Found in damp meadows and ditches. FLOWERS are white and borne in domed umbels, 5-10cm across, with 10-40 rays and numerous bracts (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are cylindrical, with long styles. LEAVES are 2-4 times pinnately divided with toothed, tapering lobes. STATUS-Widespread but locally common only in S and W Britain; scarce in, or absent from, much of the N.
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  • SCOTS LOVAGE Ligusticum scoticum (Apiaceae) Height to 80cm. Robust and hairless perennial; often forms sizeable clumps. Stems are ribbed and purplish and hollow towards the base. Found on cliffs, and stabilised grassland that fringes rocky and shingle shores. FLOWERS are white and borne in flat-topped umbels, 4-6cm across, on long, reddish stalks (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are oval and flattened, with 4 wings. LEAVES are bright green, shiny and 2 times trifoliate with oval leaflets and inflated, sheathing stalks. STATUS-Locally common on Scottish and N Irish coasts.
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  • SEA-KALE Crambe maritima (Brassicaceae) Height to 50cm<br />
Robust perennial. Forms domed and expansive clumps on shingle and sandy beaches. FLOWERS are 6-12mm across with 4 whitish petals; in flat-topped clusters (Jun-Aug). FRUITS are oval pods. LEAVES are fleshy with wavy margins; lowers ones 25cm long and long-stalked.
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  • Deer Grass Trichophorum cespitosum (Cyperaceae) Height to 30cm. Tufted relative of sedges that sometimes forms small clumps. Stems are smooth, round and leafless. Inflorescence is an egg-shaped, terminal spikelet. Flowers May-June. On acid moors and heaths. Widespraed in north, local in W.
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  • Rook Corvus frugilegus L 43-48cm. Familiar farmland bird. Feeds in large flocks (mainly on soil invertebrates) and occupies noisy colonial tree nest sites. Sexes are similar. Adult has black plumage with reddish-purple sheen. Bill is long, narrow and rather pointed; note bare patch of whitish skin at base. Juvenile is similar but skin at base of bill is feathered. Voice Utters a grating craah-craah-craah… call. Status Locally common resident, found mainly on farmland and grassland. Builds large twig nests in clumps of tall trees.
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  • Cetti’s Warbler Cettia cetti L 14cm. Unobtrusive wetland warbler whose loud song is heard more than bird is seen. Sexes are similar. Adult and juvenile have dark reddish brown upperparts, including tail. Underparts are pale: has whitish throat, grey face and breast, grey-buff belly. Legs are reddish and bill is dark-tipped. Voice Utters a loud pluut call. Song is explosive chee, chippi-chippi-chippi. Most vocal in spring but snatches of song are heard at other times.<br />
Status Recent colonist, now a local resident of scrubby margins of marshes and clumps of bushes in extensive reedbeds.
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  • Cetti’s Warbler Cettia cetti L 14cm. Unobtrusive wetland warbler whose loud song is heard more than bird is seen. Sexes are similar. Adult and juvenile have dark reddish brown upperparts, including tail. Underparts are pale: has whitish throat, grey face and breast, grey-buff belly. Legs are reddish and bill is dark-tipped. Voice Utters a loud pluut call. Song is explosive chee, chippi-chippi-chippi. Most vocal in spring but snatches of song are heard at other times. Status Recent colonist, now a local resident of scrubby margins of marshes and clumps of bushes in extensive reedbeds.
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  • Rook Corvus frugilegus L 43-48cm. Familiar farmland bird. Feeds in large flocks (mainly on soil invertebrates) and occupies noisy colonial tree nest sites. Sexes are similar. Adult has black plumage with reddish-purple sheen. Bill is long, narrow and rather pointed; note bare patch of whitish skin at base. Juvenile is similar but skin at base of bill is feathered. Voice Utters a grating craah-craah-craah… call. Status Locally common resident, found mainly on farmland and grassland. Builds large twig nests in clumps of tall trees
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